【进展】☆☆营养学期刊文摘编译总结（2006年8-9月）☆☆
发布日期：2025-01-03 18:17 点击次数：138
American Journal of Cinical Nutrition 8月号母亲进食大豆后异黄酮在母乳喂养的婴儿中的研究By xin526背景:母亲服用大豆后异黄酮在婴儿的生物利用率仍是个未知数.目的:我们的目的是比较异黄酮的利用率在含异黄酮的母乳喂养(BF)（在母亲进食大豆饮料后）和直接大豆喂养(TF)的婴儿中不同。设计:18名哺乳母亲不要给婴儿喂养大豆食品，在2－4天内每日自己食用一份大豆蛋白饮料，并收集自己的尿液和乳汁和婴儿的尿液。儿科医生负责采集婴儿的静脉血浆。另外的一组儿童在喂食豆腐后，同样被收集血浆和尿液。血浆和尿液中异黄酮通过液体光谱测定法测定。.结果:在7个对象中异黄酮值值得关注从母亲服用大豆饮品的基线值上升，在母亲的尿液中从18.4~13.0nmol/mg至135.1~26.0nmol/mg。肌酐在母乳中从5.1～2.2nmol/mg至70.7～19.2nmol/l,在婴儿尿中从29.8~11.6nmol/ma至111.6~18.9nmol/mg。异黄酮的血浆平均浓度在BF组婴儿为19.7～13.2nmol/l。而TF组.婴儿的异黄酮平均值要高出很多(尿229~129nmol/mg; 血浆肌酐,1049～403nmol/l).统计学显示在不同的两组研究，在母亲与婴儿，在婴儿之间存在显著的关联性。一小时标准量的异黄酮的消耗量比.BF组婴儿的尿异黄酮排泄剂量低81％，而比TF组的婴儿高24％。结论:：通过由尿液分析婴儿全身系统的异黄酮情况，在婴儿比成人更容易出现口服大豆后异黄酮的增多。出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):406-13. Isoflavones in breastfed infants after mothers consume soy.BACKGROUND: The bioavailability of isoflavones in children after soy exposure is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare isoflavone patterns in infants exposed to isoflavone-containing breast milk (BF), in tofu-fed (TF) infants, and in mothers consuming a soy beverage. DESIGN: Eighteen nursing mothers who were not feeding soy foods to their infants consumed one daily serving of a soy protein beverage for 2-4 d and collected their own milk and urine and infant urine. Plasma was collected from infants if venous blood draws were ordered by pediatricians. Blood and urine were collected from additional children after they consumed tofu. Isoflavones were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In 7 subjects, isoflavone values increased significantly from baseline after mothers ate soy: in maternal urine (x +/- SEM) from 18.4 +/- 13.0 to 135.1 +/- 26.0 nmol/mg creatinine, in breast milk from 5.1 +/- 2.2 to 70.7 +/- 19.2 nmol/L, and in infant urine from 29.8 +/- 11.6 to 111.6 +/- 18.9 nmol/mg creatinine. The mean isoflavone concentration in plasma obtained from 11 BF infants was 19.7 +/- 13.2 nmol/L. TF infants had much higher mean isoflavone values (urine, 229 +/- 129 nmol/mg creatinine; plasma, 1049 +/- 403 nmol/L). Statistically significant correlations were observed between the types of fluids investigated within mothers, between mothers and infants, and within infants. Urinary isoflavone excretion per hour adjusted for dose per body weight was 81% lower for BF infants and 24% higher for TF infants than for their mothers after eating soy. CONCLUSIONS: More isoflavones appear in children than in adults after adjustment for isoflavone intake. Systemic isoflavone exposure in infants can be determined by urinary analysis.PMID: 16895891中国幼儿锌稳态的主要变化By hummingbirds背景：当前需要一个析因方法估计一个人锌的需要量，测量锌稳态的主要变化是一个先决条件。对于初学走路的小孩来说，这个方法需要的数据无法获得，他们对锌的需要量是从其它年龄组用外推法估计的。 目的：研究目的是测量中国农村和小城镇的初学走路的小孩锌稳态的主要变化。 设计：锌稳定同位素示踪剂于一天饮食中口服和静脉输入43个初学走路的小孩体内。然后在家中进行代谢物收集，包括膳食副本、定量的粪便收集、当场的尿液采样。用二元同位素示踪剂比率技术测量微量吸收锌（FAZ），同位素稀释技术测量内源性排泄锌（EFZ）。 结果：没有发现性别和组别差异。而且，结果综合43个初学走路的小孩，其年龄范围是19～25个月，主食为精白米。结果（均数±标准差）是每天总饮食的锌为（1.86±0.55）mg；每天内源性排泄锌为（0.35±0.12）mg；每天测量微量吸收锌为（0.67±0.23）mg；血浆锌浓度为（65.0±8.3）μg/dL。饮食中肌醇六磷酸盐与锌的摩尔比值为2.7：1。结论：与估计的平均饮食摄入锌和生理需要锌相比，在这个人群中平均摄入和吸收锌较低，血浆锌与锌缺乏相一致。初学走路的小孩肠内丢失内源性的锌超过预先的估计，有一些证据表明人们对于低锌摄入和吸收反应保守。 出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):389-94.Major variables of zinc homeostasis in Chinese toddlers.BACKGROUND: Measurement of the major variables of zinc homeostasis is an essential prerequisite for estimating human zinc requirements, which currently require a factorial approach. The data required for this approach have not been available for toddlers, whose requirements have been estimated by extrapolation from other age groups. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to measure key variables of zinc homeostasis in rural and small-town Chinese toddlers. DESIGN: Zinc stable-isotope tracers were administered intravenously and orally with all meals for 1 d to 43 toddlers. Subsequent metabolic collections in the homes included duplicate diets, quantitative fecal collections, and spot urine sampling. Fractional absorption of zinc (FAZ) was measured by a dual-isotope tracer ratio technique, and endogenous fecal zinc (EFZ) was measured by an isotope dilution technique. RESULTS: No group or sex differences were found. Therefore, results were combined for 43 toddlers aged 19-25 mo whose major food staple was white rice. Selected results (x+/- SD) were 1.86 +/- 0.55 mg total dietary Zn/d; 0.35 +/- 0.12 FAZ; 0.63 +/- 0.24 mg total absorbed Zn/d; 0.67 +/- 0.23 mg EFZ/d; and 65.0 +/- 8.3 microg plasma Zn/dL. The molar ratio of dietary phytate to zinc was 2.7:1. CONCLUSIONS: The mean intake and absorption of zinc in this population are low in comparison with estimated average dietary and physiologic requirements for zinc, and plasma zinc values are consistent with zinc deficiency. Intestinal losses of endogenous zinc exceed previous estimates for toddlers, and only modest evidence exists of conservation in response to low zinc intake and absorption.PMID: 16895888淋巴细胞丙酰辅酶A羧化酶及其生物素活化是人类边缘生物素活化的敏感指标By qbx826背景：边缘生物素缺乏对人类有致畸作用，不依赖于肾功能的生物素状况指示剂有可能成作为怀孕期间生物素状况的指标。以往的一个生物素缺乏实验研究提示外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)丙酰辅酶A羧化酶(PCC)活性是生物素的一个敏感指标。目的：我们评价丙酰辅酶A羧化酶的活性测量和边缘生物素缺乏时生物素活化丙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性测定的效用。设计：通过28天蛋白的食用来诱导7名（3名女性）生物素缺乏者，并在0、14和28天（排除期）以及44和65天（饱和期）收集血样和尿样。外周血淋巴细胞分别在含有生物素（活化）和不含有生物素（对照）培养后测定丙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性。丙酰辅酶A羧化酶活性系数是PBL活化后PCC活性与PBL对照PCC活性之比。通过Fisher多重比较和Bonferroni校正对所有变量差异进行重复测量的方差分析。结果：尿中生物素的排泄变化确认边缘生物素缺乏构建成功。至14天时，所有研究对象的PCC活性显著均低于正常值下限(P < 0.0001)，至28天，PCC活性系数显著增高 (P = 0.003)，7人中有6人高于正常范围上限。结论：PCC活性是目前为止生物素状态最敏感的指标，在将来怀孕的研究中，淋巴细胞PCC活性是评估生物素状态有用的指标。 出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):384-8.Lymphocyte propionyl-CoA carboxylase and its activation by biotin are sensitive indicators of marginal biotin deficiency in humans.BACKGROUND: Marginal biotin deficiency may be a human teratogen. A biotin status indicator that is not dependent on renal function may be useful in studies of biotin status during pregnancy. A previous study of experimental biotin deficiency suggested that propionyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (PCC) activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) is a sensitive indicator of biotin status. OBJECTIVE: We examined the utility of measuring PCC activity and the activation of PCC by biotin in detecting marginal biotin deficiency. DESIGN: Marginal biotin deficiency was induced in 7 adults (3 women) by egg-white feeding for 28 d. Blood and urine were obtained on days 0, 14, and 28 (depletion phase) and 44 and 65 (repletion phase). PBLs were incubated with (activated) or without (control) biotin before PCC assay. The activation coefficient of PCC is the ratio of PCC activity in activated PBLs to that in control PBLs. The significance of differences for all measurements was tested by repeated-measures analysis of variance with Fisher's post hoc test and Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Changes in the urinary excretion of biotin and of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid confirmed that marginal biotin deficiency was successfully induced. By day 14, PCC activity had decreased (P < 0.0001) to below the lower limit of normal in all subjects. By day 28, the activation coefficient of PCC had increased significantly (P = 0.003) and was above the upper limit of normal in 6 of 7 subjects. CONCLUSION: PCC activity is the most sensitive indicator of biotin status tested to date. In future pregnancy studies, the use of lymphocyte PCC activity data should prove valuable in the assessment of biotin status.PMID: 16895887美国成人α-生育酚和γ-生育酚血清水平的分布研究By qbx826背景：α-生育酚血清水平在美国人群分布在以往的研究已经有过相关的报道，但是目前对γ-生育酚血清水平分布或二者之比知之甚少。目的：本研究通过美国全国范围选取代表性的成年人进行α-生育酚和γ-生育酚血清水平的测定，探讨其分布情况。设计：本研究的研究对象为参加1999-2000年全国健康和营养调查的4087名20岁及以上的适龄人群。通过HPLC方法进行α-生育酚和-生育酚血清浓度的测定。结果：α-生育酚血清浓度的平均值（+/-标准差）为30.09+/-0.45mmol/L，中位数为25.94 mmol/L以及几何均数为27.39 +/- 0.38 mmol/L。γ-生育酚血清浓度的平均值（+/-标准差）为5.74+/-0.22mmol/L，中位数为5.25 mmol/L以及几何均数为4.79 +/- 0.18 mmol/L。α-生育酚与总胆固醇，γ-生育酚与总胆固醇以及α-生育酚与γ-生育酚之比的中位数分别为4.93mmol/mmol，1.03 mmol/mmol和4.53mmol/mmol。α-生育酚的血清浓度随着年龄的增大显著升高（趋势性检验：P < 0.001），且男性显著高于女性（P = 0.015）。非洲裔和墨西哥裔美国人的α-生育酚的血清浓度显著低于高加索裔美国人(P < 0.001)。γ-生育酚的中位浓度也有随着年龄的增大而升高的趋势，但不存在性别差异，高加索裔美国人的浓度低于非洲裔和墨西哥裔美国人但尚未达到统计学意义。结论：α-生育酚和γ-生育酚血清水平在美国成人中存在人群差异。 出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):375-83.Distribution of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in the US population.BACKGROUND: Although the population distribution of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol has been described in the United States, little is known about the distribution of gamma-tocopherol or the ratio of alpha-tocopherol to gamma-tocopherol. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to describe the distribution of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in a nationally representative sample of US adults. DESIGN: We reviewed data from 4087 adults aged >/=20 y who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2000). Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol were measured by using HPLC with ultraviolet-visible wavelength detection. RESULTS: The arithmetic mean (+/-SEM) of serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol was 30.09 +/- 0.45 micromol/L, the median was 25.94 micromol/L, and the geometric mean (+/-SEM) was 27.39 +/- 0.38 micromol/L. The arithmetic mean of serum concentrations of gamma-tocopherol was 5.74 +/- 0.22 micromol/L, the median was 5.25 micromol/L, and the geometric mean was 4.79 +/- 0.18 micromol/L. The median ratio of alpha-tocopherol to total cholesterol was 4.93 micromol/mmol, that of gamma-tocopherol to total cholesterol was 1.03 micromol/mmol, and that of alpha-tocopherol to gamma-tocopherol was 4.53 micromol/mmol. Concentrations of alpha-tocopherol increased significantly (P for trend < 0.001) with age and were significantly (P = 0.015) lower in men than in women. African Americans and Mexican Americans had significantly (P < 0.001) lower concentrations of alpha-tocopherol than did whites. The median concentrations of gamma-tocopherol showed a trend with respect to age, did not differ significantly between men and women, and were slightly but nonsignificantly lower in white participants than in African American or Mexican American participants. CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic variations in serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol exist among US adults.PMID: 16895886矿物质水中钙的吸收性和效用By hummingbirds背景：在北美洲人群中钙的摄入实质上低于推荐量。瓶装水含钙量高可能有助于弥补缺乏。目的：目的是概述和总结已经发表的关于高钙矿物质水可吸收性和生物动力学数据，并把这些数据与迄今为止未发表的我们实验室的分析相结合。设计：搜索常用的数据库。作为一个另外的低钙试验饮食的一部分，用微量（45）Ca标记高矿物水中的钙来测量自愿者的钙吸收能力。发表的报告使用了不同的负荷容量和饮食条件，基于发表的钙的吸收能力进行校正使其一致。结果：所有的高钙矿物质水与牛奶钙的吸收能力相等或者稍高一点。试验时，所有产生的生物动力学反应了预测的可以估计的钙的吸收量（例如，尿钙增加、血浆甲状旁腺激素减少、骨重吸收生物标记和骨量保护的减少）。结论：高钙矿物质水能够提供有益的生物可利用钙。出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):371-4.Absorbability and utility of calcium in mineral waters.BACKGROUND: Calcium intake in North America remains substantially below recommended amounts. Bottled waters high in calcium could help close that gap. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to summarize and integrate published absorbability and biodynamic data concerning high-calcium mineral waters and to combine these data with hitherto unpublished analyses from my laboratory. DESIGN: The usual library database was searched. The absorbability of calcium from a high-mineral water labeled with tracer quantities of (45)Ca was measured in human volunteers as a part of an otherwise low-calcium test meal. Published reports that used differing load sizes and meal conditions were harmonized by making corrections based on published calcium absorbability data. RESULTS: All the high-calcium mineral waters had absorbabilities equal to milk calcium or slightly better. When tested, all produced biodynamic responses indicative of absorption of appreciable quantities of calcium (ie, increased urinary calcium, decreased serum parathyroid hormone, decreased bone resorption biomarkers, and protection of bone mass). CONCLUSION: High-calcium mineral waters could provide useful quantities of bioavailable calcium.PMID: 16895885荷兰海牙非西方生活方式民族的孕妇维生素D缺乏高发 By justzhang美国临床营养杂志，2006，84（2）：371-374背景：维生素D缺乏是北部国家黑皮肤人种的常见病。在妊娠期维生素D缺乏可能会对母婴产生严重的后果。目的：为了明确生活在荷兰大都市海牙的具有少数民族背景的孕妇维生素D 缺乏的概率。设计：大样本的调查助产士的记录非西方移民评估25羟基维生素D妊娠12周内血液的标准范围。市政卫生部门收集了助产士2002年6月到2004年3月的资料，背景变量，是否抽烟、酗酒或服用毒品和罹患感染性疾病。这些孕妇按照民族西方生活方式组、土耳其、摩热堪和其他非西方民族分组研究。结果：在助产士的档案里发现358例孕妇维生素D 浓度的记录，其中29%是西方生活方式的孕妇，22%是土耳其的，19%是摩热堪人；其中位血浆25羟基维生素D浓度分别为：土耳其人(15.2 +/- 12.1 nmol/L)，摩热堪人(20.1 +/- 13.5 nmol/L)，其他非西方生活方式的妇女(26.3 +/- 25.9 nmol/L)显著比西方生活方式的妇女(52.7 +/- 21.6 nmol/L)低。土耳其妇女的血浆25羟基维生素D有22%的低于正常值低限。该差别不被其他因素干扰，如年龄、社会经济地位和价值观。结论：在荷兰非西方生活方式的孕妇维生素D缺乏的概率非常高，监测应该被推荐。希望战友批评指正；本文翻译后总觉不甚“雅”，请高手润色！ By qbx826目的：在北半球国家，维生素D缺乏在黑种人中是很常见的现象，而孕期维生素D缺乏则会导致孕妇和胎儿产生严重的不良后果。目的：本研究的目的是了解荷兰海牙地区不同种族孕妇维生素D缺乏的患病率。设计：把25(OH)D的检测作为一项血常规检查项目，在12周孕龄时对非西方移民孕妇予以检测，而后地方卫生服务中心从接生员处收集相关信息（2002年6月至2004年3月），包括一般情况信息，吸烟，饮酒及药物使用情况和感染疾病史等。所有孕妇被认为西方、土耳其、摩洛哥和其他非西方人四组。结果：共收集358名孕妇维生素D水平信息，其中29%为西方人，22%的土耳其人以及19%的摩洛哥人。土耳其（15.2 +/- 12.1 nmol/L），摩洛哥(20.1 +/- 13.5 nmol/L)以及其他非西方(26.3 +/- 25.9 nmol/L)孕妇(26.3 +/- 25.9 nmol/L)血清25(OH)D水平显著低于西方孕妇(52.7 +/- 21.6 nmol/L) (P <= 0.001)。22%的土耳其孕妇25(OH)D血清水平低于检测下限。其他因素包括年龄，社会经济因素或配偶信息均不对种族差异造成影响。结论：荷兰非西方孕妇中维生素D缺乏患病率较高，建议进行筛检。 出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):371-4.High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in The Hague, Netherlands.BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is common in dark-skinned persons living in northern countries. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may have serious consequences for both mother and child. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to ascertain the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women of several ethnic backgrounds who were living in The Hague, a large city in the Netherlands. DESIGN: Midwives whose practice was visited by a large number of non-Western immigrants added the assessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] to the standard blood test given to women who visited the practice during week 12 of pregnancy. Subsequently, the Municipal Health Service collected additional data from the midwives' files (June 2002 through March 2004): background variables, use of tobacco or alcohol or drugs, and infectious diseases. The women were grouped ethnically as Western, Turkish, Moroccan, and other non-Western. RESULTS: The vitamin D concentrations of 358 women were found in the midwives' files. Of these women, 29% were Western, 22% were Turkish, and 19% were Moroccan. Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in Turkish (15.2 +/- 12.1 nmol/L), Moroccan (20.1 +/- 13.5 nmol/L), and other non-Western women (26.3 +/- 25.9 nmol/L) were significantly (P </= 0.001) lower than those in Western women (52.7 +/- 21.6 nmol/L). Serum 25(OH)D was below the detection limit in 22% of the Turkish women. The differences between ethnic groups were not confounded by other determinants such as age, socioeconomic status, or parity. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant non-Western women in the Netherlands is very high, and screening should be recommended.荷兰饥荒期间出生者易于早发冠状动脉疾病By qbx826背景：母亲怀孕期间营养不良可能与子女成人后的心血管疾病的高发有关，但这方面的研究尚少。目的：本研究探讨在二战荷兰大饥荒期间出生的人群冠状动脉疾病是否早发。设计：研究对象为1944-1945年荷兰大饥荒期间分别处于孕晚期、孕中期和孕早期以及孕育期间不在饥荒期的冠状动脉疾病病人160例、138例、87例和590例（50或58岁）。通过Rose问卷确定CAD发生年龄，在心电图上观察到Q波（根据Minnesota心电图分级法：1级或1－2级），或进行冠状动脉血运重建手术（血管腔内或旁路形成术）。结果：与不在荷兰大饥荒期间的冠状动脉疾病病人相比，83例在此期间出生的冠状动脉疾病病人其发病年龄早3年（47岁vs 50岁），且累计发病率高13％（性别调整后HR：1.9，95% CI: 1.0, 3.8），按照吸烟状况(HR: 1.8)，社会阶层(HR: 2.0)和出生时体重(HR: 2.0)调整后HR保持不变。结论：本研究发现在饥荒期间出生的个体其冠状动脉疾病易早发，表明孕早期母亲营养状况在子女冠状动脉疾病发病中发挥重要作用。动物研究表明围妊娠期的孕母营养状况与后代成年后健康状况有关，本研究结果与此一致。 出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):322-7; quiz 466-7.Early onset of coronary artery disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine.BACKGROUND: Limited evidence suggests that maternal undernutrition at the time of conception is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in adult offspring. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether persons conceived during the Dutch famine of World War II had an early onset of coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN: We compared the age at onset and cumulative incidence of CAD between persons born as term singletons who were exposed to the 1944-1945 Dutch famine during late (n = 160), mid- (n = 138), or early (n = 87) gestation and 590 unexposed subjects at age 50 or 58 y. Age at CAD onset was defined as the age at which angina pectoris was identified (according to the Rose questionnaire), Q waves were observed on an electrocardiogram (Minnesota codes 1-1 or 1-2), or coronary revascularization was performed (by angioplasty or bypass surgery). RESULTS: Of the 83 CAD cases identified, persons conceived during the famine were 3 y younger than the unexposed persons at the time of CAD diagnosis (47 y compared with 50 y) and had a higher cumulative incidence of CAD [13%; hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for sex: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0, 3.8] than did the unexposed persons. The HR changed little after adjustment for smoking (HR: 1.8), social class (HR: 2.0), or size at birth (HR: 2.0). CONCLUSIONS: We found an earlier onset of CAD among persons conceived during the famine, which suggests that maternal nutrition in early gestation may play a role in the onset of CAD. This finding agrees with evidence from animal experiments that identify periconceptional maternal diet as important in the offspring's adult health.PMID: 16895878美国医学生进行营养咨询服务的行为和态度的预测By justzhang背景：内科医生的营养咨询服务可以改变病人的饮食行为并且受内科医生的营养行为和态度的影响，比如营养咨询服务的相关感知性。目的：这项研究的目的在于提供关于医学生营养咨询服务的感知性.咨询频率及果类和蔬菜摄入频率的数据。方法：调查和追踪来自美国16所医学院的新生（n=2316）以及他们最后一年到临床的时期。结果：调查发现新生中大约有72%的学生进行营养咨询，显著高于同时期临床学生（61%）或他们在毕业时期时（46%）。咨询服务的感知性在他们的附属专业中已经下降(p=0.0009)，然而在护理专业医师中仍然保持很高水平（p=0.5）。如果他们是女生，且消费更多的果类和蔬菜，在这些学生当中就可以显著的发现进行营养咨询服务有很高的趋势，并且相信初级预防，有私人医生鼓励疾病预防，或专业初级护理。只有19%的学生相信他们在营养咨询服务中受到广泛的锻炼，17%的毕业生经常询问他们病人的营养状况。那些消费更多果类和蔬菜的学生认为如果有健康的饮食习惯他们会更有可信性，不管是亚洲人或白人，或初级护理咨询营养的病人。医学生平均消费3份果类和蔬菜。结论：美国医学生进行营养咨询服务的趋势在医学院呈下降趋势，并且学生很少询问他们病人的营养状况。干预或许能保证改善医学生的职业营养咨询行为出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):655-62.Predictors of nutrition counseling behaviors and attitudes in US medical students.BACKGROUND: Nutrition counseling by physicians can improve patients' dietary behaviors and is affected by physicians' nutrition practices and attitudes, such as the perceived relevance of nutrition counseling. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to provide data on medical students' perceived relevance of nutrition counseling, reported frequency of nutrition counseling, and frequency of fruit and vegetable intakes. DESIGN: Students (n = 2316) at 16 US medical schools were surveyed and tracked at freshmen orientation, at the time of orientation to wards, and in their senior year. RESULTS: Freshmen students were more likely (72%) to find nutrition counseling highly relevant than were students at the time of ward orientation (61%) or during their senior year (46%; P for trend = 0.0003). Those intending to subspecialize had lower and declining perceptions of counseling relevance (P for trend = 0.0009), whereas the perceived relevance of counseling by primary care specialists remained high (P for trend = 0.5). Students were significantly more likely to find nutrition counseling highly relevant if they were female, consumed more fruit and vegetables, believed in primary prevention, had personal physicians who encouraged disease prevention, or intended to specialize in primary care. Only 19% of students believed that they had been extensively trained in nutrition counseling, and 17% of seniors reported that they frequently counseled their patients about nutrition. Students who consumed more fruit and vegetables, believed that they would be more credible if they ate a healthy diet, were not Asian or white, or intended to specialize in primary care counseled patients about nutrition more frequently. Medical students consumed an average of 3.0 fruit and vegetable servings/d, which declined over time. CONCLUSIONS: The perceived relevance of nutrition counseling by US medical students declined throughout medical school, and students infrequently counseled their patients about nutrition. Interventions may be warranted to improve the professional nutritional practices of medical students.PMID: 16960182Association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and body mass index in the Inter99 study: is underreporting a problem?By qbx826背景：能量摄入的漏报使得进行血糖指数(GI)和血糖负荷(GL)与体重指数(BMI)的关联研究变的困难，目前这方面的研究尚少且不明确。目的：本研究的目的是以调整全部能量摄入的各种混杂因素和剔除低能量摄入者(LER)后的效应为基础，探讨GI和GL与BMI的相关性。设计：本研究采用横断面研究设计，共纳入30-60岁的6334名研究对象。通过食物食用调查问卷进行饮食摄入的估算，以白面包作为参照计算GI和GL。按照基础代谢率(EI/BMR)对能量摄入漏报进行估算。EI/BMR < 1.14被定义为低能量摄入者，应用单因素和多因素线性回归模型检验GI和GL与的相关性。混杂因素包括性别、年龄、吸烟、体力活动、饮酒和能量摄入。所有的分析在全人群和剔除LER后的亚人群中同时进行。结果：全人群的单因素分析显示，GL与BMI呈显著负相关，而GI与BMI不存在相关性。而在进行多因素（包括能量摄入）调整后，GI和GL均与BMI呈正相关。剔除LER后，GL在所用分析中均与BMI呈正相关，而GI仅在多因素分析中与BMI呈正相关。结论：本研究表明GI和GL与BMI呈正相关，能量摄入的调整和LER的剔除对分析结果影响较大，因此，应该重视能量摄入的调整。 出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):641-5.Association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and body mass index in the Inter99 study: is underreporting a problem?BACKGROUND: The few studies examining the potential associations between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body mass index (BMI) have provided no clear pictures. Underreporting of energy intake may be one explanation for this. OBJECTIVE: We examined the associations between GI, GL, and BMI by focusing on the confounding factor of total energy intake and the effect of exclusion of low energy reporters (LERs). DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of 6334 subjects aged 30-60 y. Dietary intake was estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire. GI and GL were estimated by using white bread as the reference food. Underreporting of energy intake was assessed as reported energy intake divided by basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR); LERs were defined as those having an EI/BMR < 1.14. Univariate and multiple linear regression models were used to test for associations between GI, GL, and BMI. The confounders were sex, age, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, and energy intake. All analyses were conducted on 1) the entire population and 2) a subsample excluding LERs. RESULTS: In the univariate analyses of the entire population, GL was inversely associated with BMI. No association was observed for GI. After full adjustment (including energy intake), both GI and GL were positively associated with BMI. When LERs were excluded, GL was positively associated with BMI in all analyses, and GI was positively associated with BMI in the multiple analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We showed a positive association between GI, GL, and BMI. Energy adjustment and the exclusion of LERs significantly affected the results of the analysis; thus, we stress the importance of energy adjustment.PMID: 16960180在45-70岁的人群中，通过增加饮食摄入α-亚麻酸和/或二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸改变n-6和n-3脂肪酸的比率，对纤维蛋白原和凝血因子VII 、 XII的影响：在英国饮食中n-6和n-3脂肪酸最佳比率的量化（OPTILIP）研究by hummingbirds背景：纤维蛋白原、激活的因子XII (FXIIa) 增多和因子VII凝血活性(FVIIc)的升高与致死性缺血性心脏疾病有关。这项研究证实了这个假设，即降低饮食的n-6与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比率(n-6:n-3)能够改变老年人的这些危险因子。目的：这项研究的目的是，改变饮食n-6与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比率6个月后，测量空腹的止血危险因子及餐后激活的因子XII浓度的改变。设计：年龄在45-70岁之间的258个受试者进行随机平行实验设计，我们以 n-6与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比率为10:1作为对照饮食，比较了4种以多不饱和脂肪酸提供6％能量的饮食，其n-6与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比率在5:1到3:1之间。饮食富含α-亚麻酸和/或二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。结果： n-6与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比率接近3:1饮食，其空腹和3小时血浆三酰基甘油浓度降低11.1％和7.2％，即富含EPA和DHA的饮食与其它饮食相比。空腹的纤维蛋白原、激活的因子XII、因子VII凝血活性，激活的因子VII和因子VII抗原、餐后激活的因子VII不受饮食影响。测量前一天避免高脂饮食可以降低因子VII凝血活性和激活的因子VII分别为8%和19.2％。一个试验餐包含50克脂肪，6小时后平均增加激活的因子VII 47％（95%可信区间：42％-52%），但是对n-6与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比率的反应并没有差别。结论：通过增加EPA和DHA摄取，减少n-6与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比率至接近3:1，可以降低老年人空腹和餐后血浆三酰基甘油浓度，但不影响止血危险因子。出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):513-22.Effect of varying the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids by increasing the dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, or both on fibrinogen and clotting factors VII and XII in persons aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP study.BACKGROUND: Elevated fibrinogen, activated factor XII (FXIIa), and factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) are associated with higher risk of fatal ischemic heart disease. This study tested the hypothesis that lowering the dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6:n-3) would modify these risk factors in older men and women. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to measure fasting hemostatic risk factors and postprandial changes in activated FVII (FVIIa) concentrations after a 6-mo alteration in dietary n-6:n-3. DESIGN: In a randomized, parallel design in 258 subjects aged 45-70 y, we compared 4 diets providing 6% of energy as polyunsaturated fatty acids at an n-6:n-3 between 5:1 and 3:1 with a control diet that had an n-6:n-3 of 10:1. The diets were enriched in alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid, or both. RESULTS: Fasting and 3-h plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were 11.1% and 7.2% lower with the diet that had an n-6:n-3 of approximately 3:1 and that was enriched with EPA and DHA than with the other diets. Fasting fibrinogen, FXIIa, FVIIc, FVIIa, and FVII antigen and postprandial FVIIa were not influenced by the diets. Avoiding foods high in fat the day before measurement decreased FVIIc and FVIIa by 8% and 19.2%, respectively. A test meal containing 50 g fat resulted in a mean 47% (95% CI: 42%, 52%) increase in FVIIa 6 h later, but the response did not differ by n-6:n-3. CONCLUSION: Decreasing the n-6:n-3 to approximately 3:1 by increasing the intake of EPA and DHA lowers fasting and postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in older persons but does not influence hemostatic risk factors.PMID: 16960164描述标准化急性饮食制度对尿，血浆和唾液的蜕变中间产物对健康人类的影响By zhangxinsheng31 背景：人体营养研究要面对蜕变中间产物的挑战——是由于饮食改变的代谢形式可能很难区分于正常的生理改变。目的：评估正常人们代谢形式内在的和个体差异的程度，调查标准饮食对减少变化的影响。设计：分别在4个早晨收集30名健康自愿者（23名女性，7名男性）的尿，血浆，和唾液。拜访前2天，在收集生物液体之前提供免费的精选的食品。在拜访的3天前就达到了预期的结果，并且在拜访的4天前所有的食物达到标准化。样品用氕核磁共振分光检定法遵循多变量数据分析。结果：各自生物体液对于内在的和个体间差异是相当重要的。在食用标准膳食后，主成份分析视觉检验的分曲线表明在尿液中个体间差异是减少，但是在血浆和唾液中没有减少。部分最小二乘法表明在尿和唾液中是按照时间依从性改变的，主要由于尿中的肌酸酐和唾液中的醋酸盐。按照每个模型的预测力来分类这些样品无论是白天还是黑夜，尿液是85％，唾液是75％。结论：尿代表一个敏感的指标反映了急性摄入饮食，而血浆和唾液并没有。将来蜕变中间产物的研究应该考虑到近期饮食的摄入和样品收集的时间，将它作为一种减少正常生理改变得方式。出处：Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep;84(3):531-9.Effect of acute dietary standardization on the urinary, plasma, and salivary metabolomic profiles of healthy humans.BACKGROUND: Metabolomics in human nutrition research is faced with the challenge that changes in metabolic profiles resulting from diet may be difficult to differentiate from normal physiologic variation. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the extent of intra- and interindividual variation in normal human metabolic profiles and investigated the effect of standardizing diet on reducing variation. DESIGN: Urine, plasma, and saliva were collected from 30 healthy volunteers (23 females, 7 males) on 4 separate mornings. For visits 1 and 2, free food choice was permitted on the day before biofluid collection. Food choice on the day before visit 3 was intended to mimic that for visit 2, and all foods were standardized on the day before visit 4. Samples were analyzed by using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy followed by multivariate data analysis. RESULTS: Intra- and interindividual variations were considerable for each biofluid. Visual inspection of the principal components analysis scores plots indicated a reduction in interindividual variation in urine, but not in plasma or saliva, after the standard diet. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis indicated time-dependent changes in urinary and salivary samples, mainly resulting from creatinine in urine and acetate in saliva. The predictive power of each model to classify the samples as either night or morning was 85% for urine and 75% for saliva. CONCLUSIONS: Urine represented a sensitive metabolic profile that reflected acute dietary intake, whereas plasma and saliva did not. Future metabolomics studies should consider recent dietary intake and time of sample collection as a means of reducing normal physiologic variation.PMID: 16960166British Journal of Nutrition 10月号在严重营养不良儿童中核苷酸摄取和营养恢复对胰岛素样生长因子-1和其它激素生物标记的影响by hummingbirds这项研究的目的是证实在严重营养不良儿童中核苷酸摄取和加强的营养支持对胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-I)和其它激素生物标记浓度的影响。26个严重营养不良的儿童（<48个月）接受了2周不含乳糖的经肠道喂养和附加2周随意喂养的治疗。执行人体测量，获得了胰岛素样生长因子-1、胰岛素样生长因子连接蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)、瘦素、可溶性瘦素受体(sOB-R) 的血清浓度和可溶性瘦素受体超过瘦素的估计摩尔量。分为两组，每组13人，一组治疗补充核苷酸(NT+)，另一组治疗未补充核苷酸(NT-)。对照组13人。使用参数检验、非参数检验以及ANOVA分析。营养恢复、核苷酸摄取、营养不良的类型、年龄、性别与营养不良的相互作用影响胰岛素样生长因子-1的浓度（P<0.001）。营养恢复、核苷酸摄取、性别与营养不良的相互作用影响胰岛素样生长因子连接蛋白-3的浓度(P<0.001)。营养恢复对血清瘦素有明显影响(P=0.001)。年龄和营养恢复对可溶性瘦素受体有影响(P<0.001)；所有包括的变量影响可溶性瘦素受体超过瘦素的摩尔量(P<0.001)。总之，核苷酸摄取和营养恢复对胰岛素样生长因子-1、胰岛素样生长因子连接蛋白-3和其它激素生物标记有显著影响。这个结果能够激励严重营养不良的婴儿和初学走路的孩子在营养恢复期跟上生长发育。出处：Br J Nutr. 2006 Oct;96(4):683-690.Effect of nucleotide intake and nutritional recovery on insulin-like growth factor I and other hormonal biomarkers in severely malnourished children.The objective of the present study is to demonstrate the effect of nucleotide intake and intensive nutritional support on the concentration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and other hormonal biomarkers in severely malnourished children. Twenty-six severely malnourished children <48 months of age received formula without lactose via enteral feeding for 2 weeks and ad libitum for an additional 2 weeks. Anthropometrical measurements were performed and serum concentrations of IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), as well as the estimated molar excess of sOB-R over leptin were obtained. Two groups were formed. One group received formula with nucleotides (NT+; n 13) and the other without nucleotides (NT-; n 13). A control group was included (n 13). Parametric and non-parametric tests as well as ANOVA models were used. Nutritional recovery, nucleotides intake, type of malnutrition, age and the interaction between gender and malnutrition influenced the concentration of IGF-I (P<0.001). Nutritional recovery, nucleotides intake, gender and type of malnutrition had an effect on IGFBP-3 (P<0.001). Nutritional recovery had a significant effect on serum leptin (P=0.001). Age and nutritional recovery had an effect on sOB-R (P<0.001); all variables included affected the molar excess of sOB-R over leptin (P<0.001). In conclusion, nucleotide intake and nutritional recovery had a notable effect on IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and other hormonal biomarkers. This outcome could stimulate the catch-up growth of severely malnourished infants and toddlers during the nutritional recovery period.PMID: 17010227限制高质量蛋白摄入的低能量饮食对泌乳大鼠的代谢影响by lifengatongmu怀孕期对成年雌性SD大鼠进行随意喂养，哺乳期时节制饮食(节制饮食; 16.1 kJ/g)或者进行以小麦谷蛋白为主要蛋白来源的低能量饮食(低能量饮食; 13.3 kJ/g)。体重，食物摄入，静息时能量消耗(量),呼吸商和经乳腺利用的底物先被测量出来。这些动物被杀后，对子宫旁组织和腹膜后的脂肪垫进行称重。两组大鼠的平均摄入量是相似的，以致低能量饮食大鼠摄取较低能量后，在持续2周哺乳期内出现显著差异。从哺乳期第9天起，低能量饮食组中dams和pups的平均体重较低。而在节制饮食组中静息时能量消耗(量)在哺乳期间是逐渐增加的，且在哺乳期持续几周内，这种增加并没有在低能量饮食组中看到。前一夜已经禁食的大鼠呼吸商为0.7甚至更小，而至于被给食的大鼠平均呼吸商则超过了1.0。在这两种情况下，大鼠均显示出酮尿。动静脉的3-羟基丁酸盐浓度差别比较高，而那些通过低能量饮食的大鼠，其乳腺的葡萄糖、乳酸盐以及三酰基甘油都比较低。低能量饮食大鼠子宫旁组织的脂肪库称量也较小。所以减少静息时能量消耗(量)的这种增加而使用酮体作为燃料，在一定程度上可能表示，低能量饮食dams的重要机制掩盖了乳制品的能量价值。dams与pups麻烦高手帮忙,兄弟谢过 出处：Br J Nutr. 2006 Oct;96(4):667-73.Some metabolic effects on lactating rats of a low-energy diet restricted in good-quality protein.Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum during pregnancy and lactation a control diet (CD; 16.1 kJ/g) or a low-energy diet with wheat gluten as the main protein source (LED; 13.3 kJ/g). Body weight, food intake, resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient and substrate use by the mammary gland were measured. After the animals had been killed, the parametrial and retroperitoneal fat pads were weighed. The mean food intake (g) of the two groups of rats was similar, resulting in a lower energy intake by the LED rats, significantly different during the last 2 weeks of lactation. The mean body weight of both dams and pups in the LED group was lower, starting at day 9 of lactation. The resting energy expenditure increased gradually during lactation in the control group, whereas this increase was not seen in rats of the LED group in the last week of lactation. Rats that had fasted overnight had a respiratory quotient of 0.7 or less, whereas for rats that had been fed, the mean respiratory quotient was over 1.0. Under both conditions, rats showed ketonuria. The arteriovenous difference in 3-hydroxybutyrate level was higher and those for glucose, lactate and triacylglycerol were lower across the mammary glands of LED rats. The parametrial fat depot weighed less in LED rats. Reducing the increase in resting energy expenditure and using ketone bodies to a greater extent as fuels may represent important mechanisms in the LED dams to cover the energy cost of milk production.PMID: 17010225年龄在6-15岁间的希腊健康学童的总血清高半胱氨酸的参考范围与饮食指标by lifengatongmu提高总血清高半胱氨酸（tHcy)可能是心血管疾病的一个危险因子。成人中总血清高半胱氨酸每提高5mu mol/l，心血管疾病的相对危险性就会提高70 %。但是所得儿童和青少年的资料有限。当前研究的目的为总血清高半胱氨酸提供一个参考范围，并调查希腊儿科人群的总血清高半胱氨酸与营养指数间的关系。测量520个（274个男孩，246个女孩）年龄在6-15岁间健康学童的总血清高半胱氨酸，叶酸，维生素B12浓度和饮食指数。同样在成人，总血清高半胱氨酸分布倾向右侧，两性几何平均数为7.4（范围：3.4-29mumol/l）。在幼儿中浓度较低并随年龄增长。两性总血清高半胱氨酸浓度没有观察到显著的统计学差异。95%分三个年龄组如下：6-9岁，9.98 mumol/l; 10-12岁，10.62 mumol/l; 13-15岁，14.4 mumol/l。使用皮尔森系数分析，总血清高半胱氨酸浓度与年龄、血清叶酸盐、体重指数和收缩压相关。食谱分析显示，叶酸盐、维生素B12和纤维摄取与总血清高半胱氨酸反相关。相反地，糖和脂肪与总血清高半胱氨酸紧密关联。然而，用多次线性回归分析仅仅年龄（优势比0.246,P<0.05）和叶酸盐（优势比-0.346，P<0.05）显著而独立地与总血清高半胱氨酸有关。这个研究提供了在希腊儿科人群中以年龄分组的有关总血清高半胱氨酸的参考数据。总血清高半胱氨酸浓度由于年龄的机能而增加。血清叶酸盐浓度显著而独立地与总血清高半胱氨酸浓度关联。出处：Br J Nutr. 2006 Oct;96(4):719-24.Reference range of total serum homocysteine level and dietary indexes in healthy Greek schoolchildren aged 6-15 years.Elevated total serum homocysteine (tHcy) may be a possible risk factor for CVD. A 5 mumol/l increase in tHcy is associated with an approximately 70 % increase in relative risk of CVD in adults. Data for children and adolescents are, however, limited. The purpose of the present study was to provide a reference range for tHcy and investigate any relationship between tHcy and nutritional indexes in a Greek paediatric population. tHcy, folate, vitamin B12 levels and dietary indexes were measured in 520 healthy schoolchildren (274 boys, 246 girls) aged 6-15 years. As in adults, the tHcy distribution skewed to the right, with a geometric mean for both genders of 7.4 (range 3.4-29 mumol/l). Concentrations were lower in young children and increased with age. No statistically significant difference in tHcy level was observed between gender. The 95th percentiles for the three age groups were as follows: 6-9 years, 9.98 mumol/l; 10-12 years, 10.62 mumol/l; 13-15 years, 14.4 mumol/l. Using Pearson's coefficient analysis, tHcy level was correlated with age, serum folate, BMI and systolic blood pressure. Dietary analysis showed that folate, vitamin B12 and fibre intake were inversely related with tHcy; conversely, sugar and fat were positively associated with tHcy. However, in multiple linear regression analysis, only age (odds ratio 0.246, P<0.05) and folate (odds ratio -0.346, P<0.05) were significantly and independently associated with tHcy. This study provides age-specific reference data regarding tHcy concentration in a Greek paediatric population. tHcy levels increased as a function of age. Serum folate levels were significantly and independently associated with tHcy levels.PMID: 17010232European Journal of Cinical Nutrition 9月号成年高脂血症患者食用浓缩榛子对血浆胆固醇和脂蛋白分布的影响By zhangxinsheng31事实上，频繁的食用坚果对血浆脂质的形成是有好处的而且可以降低冠心病(CHD)的风险。这项研究是为了调查成年高脂血症患者食用浓缩榛子对血浆胆固醇和脂蛋白的影响与基线和节制饮食相比较，并且测量人体测量参数，平常的体力活动，营养素摄入量和内皮的功能。受试者和试验设计：15名高脂血症志愿受试者年龄在48+/-8岁，通过适当的控制，分两个阶段[P(1)和P(2)]研究设计总共大概需要8周时间完成试验。在P(1)阶段，受试者食用节制饮食（低脂肪，低胆固醇，低纤维高碳水化合物）。在P(2)阶段，节制食物中补充含丰富单不饱和脂肪酸的榛子(40 g/天) ，大概提供了总能量的11.6%。记录人体测量的参数和平常的体力活动。测量总血浆量和HDL胆固醇，三酰基甘油（TAG）, ApoA-1, 载脂蛋白B, 总高半胱氨酸量，葡萄糖浓缩物量。所有的参数和测量方法是通过基线和每四个星期饮食结束获得的。结果：试验自始至终受试者的体重保持稳定。与基线作比较，食用浓缩榛子的试验组VLDL胆固醇，三酰基甘油，载脂蛋白B的浓度减少，分别为29.5, 31.8,和 9.2%，但是HDL胆固醇浓度增加到12.6%.血浆总数/HDL胆固醇和LDL/HDL胆固醇的比值显著地下降(p<0.05).虽然其它参数有减少的趋势是无关重要的，但是食用浓缩榛子的试验组与基线相比较有显著的下降整体上（5.2%）LDL胆固醇(3.3%)。在食用浓缩榛子的试验组和对照组禁食情况下葡萄糖，Apo A-1和高半胱氨酸的水平没有变化。结论：这个研究证明了高脂肪和含丰富单不饱和脂肪酸榛子饮食优于低脂肪摄入的饮食，是由于在成年高脂血症患者的血浆脂质外形有良好的改变，从而确切地降低了CHD的危险度。出处：Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep 13; [Epub ahead of print]Effects of hazelnut-enriched diet on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles in hypercholesterolemic adult men.Objective:Frequent consumption of nuts is associated with favorable plasma lipid profiles and reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hazelnut-enriched diet on plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein profiles in hypercholesterolemic adult men compared with baseline and control diet, and also to measure the anthropometric parameters, habitual physical activities, nutrient intake and endothelial function.Subjects and design:Fifteen hypercholesterolemic men aged 48+/-8 years were recruited voluntarily. A well-controlled, 2-period (P(1) and P(2)) study design with a total of 8-week was implemented. In the P(1), subjects consumed a control diet (low-fat, low-cholesterol and high-carbohydrate). During the P(2), the control diet was supplemented with MUFA-rich hazelnut (40 g/day), which provided 11.6% of total energy content. Anthropometric parameters and habitual physical activities were recorded. Plasma total and HDL cholesterol, TAG, ApoA-1, Apo B, total homocysteine and glucose concentrations were measured. All parameters and measurements were obtained at baseline and end of each 4-week diet period.Results:Body weights of subjects remained stable throughout the study. Compared with baseline, the hazelnut-enriched diet decreased (P<0.05) the concentrations of VLDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, apolipoprotein B by 29.5, 31.8, and 9.2%, respectively, while increasing HDL cholesterol concentrations by 12.6%. Total/HDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratios favorably decreased (P<0.05). Although insignificant there was a decreasing trend for the rest of parameters, particularly in total (5.2%) and LDL cholesterol (3.3%) in subjects consuming a hazelnut-enriched diet compared to that of the baseline. No changes were found in fasting levels of glucose, Apo A-1 and homocysteine between the control and hazelnut-enriched diets.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that a high-fat and high-MUFA-rich hazelnut diet was superior to a low-fat control diet because of favorable changes in plasma lipid profiles of hypercholesterolemic adult men and, thereby positively affecting the CHD risk profile.Sponsorship:Funding provided by a grant from the Hazelnut Promotion Group, Giresun, Turkey.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 13 September 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602518.PMID: 16969381六岁儿童的铁离子水平与饮食和其他因素的关系By liuxiaojian223目地:为了调查六岁儿童的铁离子水平与饮食和其他因素的关系.实验设计:在一个横断面研究中,当这些儿童快六岁生日的时候,记录他们的食物摄入(三天的称重食物记录),测量他们的体积,并且采集他们的血样.研究对象:通过接触以前的研究(队列1和2)中抽样所得的188名儿童样本,139名(74%)同意参与.结果:用多元回归分析分析饮食和其他因素显示:肉类,鱼肉的消耗,多种维他命和矿物质的摄入,(都是促进的)牛奶制品的消耗(抑制的)与测得的血清铁蛋白有关(调整R(2)=0.125;P=0.028;n=129),而汤汁和居住地与血红蛋白有关(调整R(2)=0.085;P=0.034;n=127).108名没有摄入多种维他命和矿物质儿童中有21名储存铁减少,而21名摄入多种维他命和矿物质的儿童无一人储存铁减少.居住在农村(少于10000居民)的儿童比在城市(大于10000居民)的儿童有较高的红细胞平均容积(MCV)(P=0.048)农村的儿童MCV=83.3+/-2.3 fl,n=33;城市的儿童MCV=82.1+/-3.2 fl,n=103.用多元回归分析分析饮食,其他因素,生长显示:在队列1中居住地(农村>城市),一岁内体重增加(抑制的),肉类和鱼肉的摄入(促进的)与血红蛋白有关 (调整R (2)=0.323; P=0.030; n=51)肉类和鱼肉的摄入(促进的)与测得的血清铁蛋白(调整R (2)=0.069; P=0.035; n=52),红细胞平均容积(adjusted R (2)=0.064; P=0.035; n=52)都有关.在队列2中牛奶制品的消耗(抑制的)与测得的血清铁蛋白有关(调整R (2)=0.119; P=0.017; n=41),居住地(农村>城市)与红细胞平均容积有关(调整R (2)=0.102; P=0.025; n=41).结论:同多种维他命和矿物质的摄入一样,肉类和鱼肉的摄入,可能也有汤汁,也许会促进六岁儿童的铁离子水平,而奶制品会抑制铁离子水平.一岁内的缓慢生长和农村居住会促进六岁儿童的铁离子水平.出处：Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Sep 20; [Epub ahead of print]Associations of iron status with dietary and other factors in 6-year-old children.Objective:To investigate the associations of iron status at 6 years of age with dietary and other factors.Design:In a cross-sectional study, children's dietary intakes (3-day weighed food record) were recorded, body size was measured and blood samples were taken near their sixth birthday.Subjects:A sample of 188 children, from two previous studies (cohorts 1 and 2), was contacted, and 139 (74%) agreed to participate.Results:Multiple regression analyses with dietary and other factors showed that meat and fish consumption, multivitamin/mineral supplement intake (both positively) and cow's milk product consumption (negatively) were associated with log serum ferritin (SF) (adjusted R (2)=0.125; P=0.028; n=129), and juices and residence (rural>urban) with haemoglobin (Hb) (adjusted R (2)=0.085; P=0.034; n=127). Of 21 multivitamin/mineral consumers, none had depleted iron stores compared to 21 iron-depleted of 108 non-consumers (P=0.024). Children living in rural areas (<10 000 inhabitants) (n=33) had higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (83.3+/-2.3 fl) than those living in urban areas (>10 000 inhabitants) (82.1+/-3.2 fl; n=103) (P=0.048). Multiple regression analyses with dietary and other factors and growth showed in cohort 1 that residence (rural>urban), weight gain 0-1years (negatively), and meat and fish intake (positively) were associated with Hb (adjusted R (2)=0.323; P=0.030; n=51), meat and fish (positively) with both log SF (adjusted R (2)=0.069; P=0.035; n=52) and MCV (adjusted R (2)=0.064; P=0.035; n=52), and in cohort 2 cow's milk product consumption (negatively) was associated with log SF (adjusted R (2)=0.119; P=0.017; n=41) and residence (rural>urban) with MCV (adjusted R (2)=0.102; P=0.025; n=41).Conclusions:Consumption of meat and fish and possibly also juices, as well as multivitamin/mineral intake might affect iron status in 6-year-old children positively, whereas cow's milk product consumption might affect iron status negatively. Slower growth in the first year of life and rural residence are positively related to iron status of 6-year-olds.Sponsorship:The Icelandic Research Council.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 20 September 2006; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602529.PMID: 16988649Journal of Nutrition 10月号西班牙籍和非西班牙籍的白种老年人的维生素E摄入量和血浆浓度与膳食结构有关By liuxiaojian223虽然我们都知道维生素E可以预防一些慢性疾病,并且能够维持免疫功能.但是大部分人都不能达到当前的建议摄入量.我们调查了来自波多黎各和多米尼加老年人(n = 447)和附近匹配的非西班牙籍白人 (n = 155)的代表性样本的维生素E摄入量和血浆浓度.用一个有效的食物频率调查问卷评估食物摄入量.两个种族的维生素E平均摄入量是6mg.只有4.7%的女性和7.9%的男性达到只从食物中得到的维生素E的平均估计需要量(12 mg/d).西班牙人的维生素E的最多来源于油脂和奶类,而非西班牙籍白种人是方便的谷类早餐和烘烤的甜性食品.西班牙人维生素E的平均血浆浓度是24.5 mumol/L,非西班牙籍白种人的是25.8 mumol/L(P > 0.05).维生素E摄入量会促进血浆中的维生素E含量(P = 0.003),调整协同变异和排除补充物的使用者后仍然有统计学意义(趋势P = 0.008).我们用聚类分析辨别下列5种膳食结构:1)水果和谷类早餐,2)淀粉性蔬菜,3)大米,4)奶和乳制品,5)甜品.尽管它们的摄入量相同,但是相对于水果,谷类早餐和奶类结构,甜品结构的血浆维生素E含量最低(所有P < 0.05).这些老年人的绝大部分(>90%)都没有摄入充足的维生素E,并且血浆浓度与膳食结构有关. 出处：J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2574-9.{alpha}-Tocopherol Intake and Plasma Concentration of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Elders Is Associated with Dietary Intake Pattern.alpha-Tocopherol from foods has been associated with protection against several chronic diseases and maintenance of immune function. However, most people do not meet current recommendations for intake. We examined alpha-tocopherol intake and plasma concentration in a representative sample of Puerto Rican and Dominican older adults (n = 447) and in neighborhood-matched non-Hispanic whites (n = 155). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Mean dietary intakes of alpha-tocopherol were 6 mg in both ethnicities. Only 4.7% of women and 7.9% of men met the estimated average requirement (12 mg/d) for vitamin E from food alone. Top sources of alpha-tocopherol for Hispanics included oils and milk, and for non-Hispanic whites they were ready-to-eat breakfast cereal and sweet baked products. Mean plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations were 24.5 mumol/L for Hispanics and 25.8 mumol/L for non-Hispanic whites (P > 0.05). Plasma alpha-tocopherol was positively associated with alpha-tocopherol intake (P = 0.003), and significance remained after adjusting covariates and after exclusion of supplement users (P for trend = 0.008). We identified the following 5 dietary patterns by cluster analysis: 1) fruit and breakfast cereal, 2) starchy vegetables, 3) rice, 4) milk and milk products, and 5) sweets. Those following the sweets pattern had the lowest plasma alpha-tocopherol relative to those following the fruit and breakfast cereal or milk patterns (P < 0.05 for all), although they had similar intakes. A large proportion of these elders (>90%) have inadequate intake of alpha-tocopherol, and plasma concentrations were associated with intake patterns.PMID: 16988129静脉营养法可以导致幼猪肝脏细胞脂肪性变和调亡By liuxiaojian223静脉营养法(TPN)可以导致婴儿肝病高发,但是其发病机理仍然难以阐明.我们用幼猪动物模型来评估TPN导致的肝脏损害的早期症状.用TPN或者EN(肠内营养)营养7只新生小猪7天,对它们的肝脏组织和离体肝细胞做形态学和分子学分析.形态学分析显示7只TPN组中6只小猪有明显的脂变(等级 > 2),然而EN组仅有2只发生最轻微的脂变(等级</= 1).相对于EN组,TPN组可以观察到大量的细胞色素C的细胞溶质和DNA断裂. 与EN组肝组织对比,线粒体的和fas介导的凋亡的标致物在TNP组肝组织是改变的，表现如下：低浓度的ATP(P < 0.05),泛激素的积聚,9.9倍的细胞凋亡蛋白酶3激活(P < 0.01),和多聚酶(多聚ADP核糖).细胞凋亡蛋白酶7.8.9的活性增强.在TNP组肝组织Bcl-2和增殖细胞核抗原的表达下调，然而 Fas和Bax的表达是上调。细胞凋亡蛋白酶12和Bip/GRP78的水平在两组之间是没有区别的,它们都是内质网介导的细胞凋亡的标志物.短期的TPN将诱发脂变和氧化应激，这将导致由线粒体和Fas通道介导的细胞凋亡.因此，TPN诱导的新生小猪的脂变可能作为一种新的动物模型来评估婴儿脂肪肝的发病机理和由细胞凋亡介导的肝损伤.出处：J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2547-52.Total parenteral nutrition induces liver steatosis and apoptosis in neonatal piglets. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) induces a high rate of liver disease in infants, yet the pathogenesis remains elusive. We used neonatal piglets as an animal model to assess early events leading to TPN-mediated liver injury. Newborn piglets (n = 7) were nourished for 7 d on TPN or enteral nutrition (EN) and the liver tissue and isolated hepatocytes were subjected to morphologic and molecular analysis. Histological analysis revealed prominent steatosis (grade > 2) in 6 of 7 TPN pigs, whereas minimal steatosis (grade </= 1) was observed in only 2 EN pigs. Abundant cytosolic cytochrome C and DNA fragmentation were observed in hepatocytes from TPN compared with EN piglets. Markers of mitochondrial and Fas-mediated apoptosis were altered in TPN liver tissue, as indicated by a lower ATP concentration (P < 0.05), accumulation of ubiquitin, 9.9-fold activation of caspase-3 activity (P < 0.01), and increased cleavage of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase, caspase-8, -9, and -7 when compared with EN livers. Bcl-2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was downregulated, whereas Fas and Bax were upregulated in TPN livers. However, levels of caspase-12 and Bip/GRP78, both markers of endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis, did not differ between the groups. Short-term TPN induces steatosis and oxidative stress, which results in apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial and Fas pathways. Thus, TPN-induced steatosis in newborn piglets may serve as a novel animal model to assess the pathogenesis of fatty liver and apoptosis-mediated liver injury in infants.PMID: 16988124在忽视自身的老人中营养状态是改变的By zhangxinsheng31老年人误治最常见的形式就是忽视自身。不能够满足自身基础需要的个体可能会形成社会的，功能的和身体的不足。个体忽视自身的系统性鉴定是以得克萨斯老年忽视自身研究协会科研方案为基准的。这个研究报告了：忽视自身的老人营养状态是改变的。以随同的配对的对照试验者（CN）为根据，自我轻视者（SN）已经恢复。资料来自40名SN受试者（年龄76 +/- 7岁）和40名CN受试者（年龄76 +/- 7岁）。血样的采集和分析作为营养状态的指示物。SN受试者的血清中比CN受试者含有较高的浓度的高半胱氨酸(13.6 +/- 4.5 vs. 11.6 +/- 5.6 mumol/L, P < 0.05)和低浓度的红细胞叶酸酯(1380 +/- 514 vs. 1792 +/- 793 nmol/L, P < 0.05).血浆β-胡萝卜素和维生素E在SN受试者中比较低(0.28 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.33 mumol/L; 23.2 +/- 9.3 vs. 27.8 +/- 9.3 mumol/L, P < 0.05).且SN受试者血清25-羟维生素D浓缩物比CN受试者低(33.7 +/- 16.4 vs. 44.1 +/- 19.6 nmol/L, P < 0.05).这些差别作为营养状态的标记显示了：忽视自身的老年人处于一个危险的营养状态，显著表现为叶酸酯，抗氧化剂和维生素D缺乏。这份与其他机能和认知鉴定有关的评估资料对于营养和忽视自身之间的关系鉴定是至关重要的。出处：J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2534-41.Nutritional status is altered in the self-neglecting elderly.Elder self-neglect is the most common form of elder mistreatment. Individuals who cannot provide basic needs for themselves may develop social, functional, and physical deficits. The systematic characterization of self-neglecting individuals is the goal of the Consortium for Research in Elder Self-Neglect of Texas project. This study reports on the nutritional status of self-neglecting elderly. Self-neglectors (SN) were recruited based on referrals along with matched control (CN) subjects. Data are for 40 SN subjects (age 76 +/- 7 y) and 40 CN subjects (76 +/- 7 y). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for indices of nutritional status. SN subjects had a greater serum concentration of total homocysteine than CN subjects (13.6 +/- 4.5 vs. 11.6 +/- 5.6 mumol/L, P < 0.05) and a lower concentration of red blood cell folate (1380 +/- 514 vs. 1792 +/- 793 nmol/L, P < 0.05). Plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol were lower in SN subjects (0.28 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.33 mumol/L; 23.2 +/- 9.3 vs. 27.8 +/- 9.3 mumol/L, P < 0.05). SN subjects had a lower serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D than CN subjects (33.7 +/- 16.4 vs. 44.1 +/- 19.6 nmol/L, P < 0.05). These differences in markers of nutritional status show that the self-neglecting elderly are at risk for altered nutritional status, particularly of folate, antioxidants, and vitamin D. Evaluation of these data in relation to other functional and cognitive assessments are critical for evaluating the relation between nutrition and self-neglect.PMID: 16988122改变腰围，斋戒胰岛素和素食使非糖尿病患者的蛋白质和脂肪引起高血糖反应by zhangxinsheng31蛋白质和脂肪引起的高学糖反应还没有进行过系统的研究。因此我们的地就是通过饮用50g葡萄糖不考虑是否斋戒胰岛素（FPI）和饮食的影响而引出蛋白质和脂肪引起高学糖反应的剂量效应关系。非糖尿病患者，10名斋戒胰岛素者>/=40 pmol/L，10名斋戒胰岛素者>40 pmol/L,在晚上禁食10到14小时后饮用经过了18个阶段的研究。受试者分别饮用添加0，5，10，30克脂肪或蛋白质的250ml含50克葡萄糖的水溶液。每一个浓度的蛋白质对应测试每一浓度的脂肪。饮食的摄入是利用每天的食物吸收多少克来测量的。在没有显著的脂肪和蛋白质相互作用情况下（P=0.051）蛋白质减少葡萄糖反应大概是脂肪的两倍(P < 0.001)。蛋白质引起的高血糖反应不仅与腰围(WC)相关(r = -0.56, P = 0.011)且与纤维素的摄入量相关(r = -0.60, P = 0.005)但是与FPI及其他的营养素摄入无关。而脂肪引起的高血糖反应与FPI相关(r = 0.49, P = 0.029)但是与WC和饮食无关。我们推断在0-30克的范围间，蛋白质和脂肪减少的多血糖反应是互不相关的直线型和剂量依赖性型的，蛋白质大概是脂肪的三倍。大量蛋白质效应与高WC和高纤维素的摄入相关联，然而大量脂肪效应与低FPI相关联。这个推断不适合固体的饮食。还需要进一步研究来确定这些效应的机制。出处：J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2506-11.The effects of fat and protein on glycemic responses in nondiabetic humans vary with waist circumference, fasting plasma insulin, and dietary fiber intake.The effects of protein and fat on glycemic responses have not been studied systematically. Therefore, our aim was to determine the dose-response effects of protein and fat on the glycemic response elicited by 50 g glucose in humans and whether subjects' fasting plasma insulin (FPI) and diet influenced the results. Nondiabetic humans, 10 with FPI >/=40 pmol/L and 10 with FPI >40 pmol/L, were studied on 18 occasions after 10 14-h overnight fasts. Subjects consumed 50 g glucose dissolved in 250 mL water plus 0, 5, 10, or 30 g fat and/or 0, 5, 10, or 30 g protein. Each level of fat was tested with each level of protein. Dietary intake was measured using a 3-d food record. Gram per gram, protein reduced glucose responses approximately 2 times more than fat (P < 0.001) with no significant fat x protein interaction (P = 0.051). The effect of protein on glycemic responses was related to waist circumference (WC) (r = -0.56, P = 0.011) and intake of dietary fiber (r = -0.60, P = 0.005) but was unrelated to FPI or other nutrient intakes. The effect of fat on glycemic responses was related to FPI (r = 0.49, P = 0.029) but was unrelated to WC or diet. We conclude that, across the range of 0-30 g, protein and fat reduced glycemic responses independently from each other in a linear, dose-dependent fashion, with protein having approximately 3-times the effect of fat. A large protein effect was associated with high WC and high dietary-fiber intake, whereas a large fat effect was associated with low FPI. These conclusions may not apply to solid meals. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms for these effects.PMID: 16988118在老鼠食用难溶解的膳食纤维中增加鲁米那黏液素不会干扰葡萄糖和卵清蛋白的吸收By zhangxinsheng31我们用老鼠测定是否由于食用难容纤维素（IDF）而增加黏液素的分泌从而影响小肠营养的吸收。具有膨胀成型特性的聚乙烯塑料(PSF)按照真实的膨胀比例54.9作为IDF的模型.预计结果1,节制老鼠的饮食或按照50 g PSF/kg 分别喂养1、3、4、5、7天.然后分离小肠黏液素和测定O-联寡糖链.其中喂养5天PSF的老鼠鲁米那黏液素已经达到极限.预计结果2, 节制老鼠的饮食或按照50 g PSF/kg喂养7天,然后所有的老鼠改为节制食物1、3、5天。在停止食用PSF5天后老鼠增强分泌鲁米那黏液素的能力消失。预计结果3，节制老鼠的饮食或按照70 g PSF/kg喂养7天，然后禁食12个小时后口服葡萄糖(1g/kg)，但血糖浓度与其他组没有区别。预计结果4，节制老鼠的饮食或按照90 g PSF/kg喂养14天，在第7天时，安装一个导入管。在禁食12个小时之后口服一混合溶液含葡萄糖(1g/kg) 和卵清蛋白 (OVA, 250 mg/kg)，并且在入口处观察该混合液120分钟，虽然9%PSF组的鲁米那黏液素含量大概是对照组的两倍，但是入口处的葡萄糖和卵清蛋白的浓度在任何时间点都不改变。结果暗示了短期摄入IDF明显地增加了鲁米那黏液素含量，但是这并没有干扰营养素的吸收。出处：J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2486-91.Increased luminal mucin does not disturb glucose or ovalbumin absorption in rats fed insoluble dietary fiber.We tested whether increased mucin secretion due to ingestion of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) affects small intestinal nutrient absorption in rats. Polystyrene foam (PSF) with a true expansion ratio of 54.9 was used as a model for IDF with high bulk-forming properties. In Expt. 1, rats were fed a control diet or diet containing 50 g PSF/kg for 1, 3, 5, or 7 d. Small intestinal mucin fractions were isolated, and O-linked oligosaccharide chains were measured. The luminal mucin content reached a maximum within 5 d after PSF ingestion. In Expt. 2, rats were fed a control diet or diet containing 50 g PSF/kg for 7 d, and then all rats were switched to the control diet for 1, 3, or 5 d. The increased capacity for luminal mucin secretion disappeared within 5 d after ceasing PSF ingestion. In Expt. 3, rats were fed a control diet or diet containing 70 g PSF/kg for 7 d. Glucose (1g/kg) was administered orally after 12 h of food deprivation. The blood glucose concentrations did not differ between the groups. In Expt. 4, rats were fed a control diet or diet containing 90 g PSF/kg for 14 d. At d 7, portal cannulae were installed. A mixed solution of glucose (1g/kg) and ovalbumin (OVA, 250 mg/kg) was orally administered after 12 h of food deprivation, and responses of portal glucose and OVA concentrations were monitored for 120 min. Although luminal mucin contents were almost doubled in the 9% PSF group compared with the control group, neither portal glucose nor OVA concentration differed at any time point. The results suggest that the short-term ingestion of IDF significantly increases the luminal mucin content, but that this does not disturb nutrient absorption.PMID: 16988114什么膳食参考摄入量是最适合的选择作为食品营养标签上的每日基本摄入量?by matianzhong美国食品与药品管理局目前正在评估当前的食品营养标签规则,这将更好的标明当前的健康问题和更新每日膳食参考值(DVs),现在大多数的每日膳食参考值(DVs)还是1968年已制定的膳食营养素推荐供给量(RDAs)。比起膳食营养值推荐供给量来说2003年委员会通过的参考食谱摄入量,是医学研究所推荐的标有营养标签的每日膳食参考值,是按平均需求量估计的,不是按加权平均法估计的。其给定的理论是每日膳食参考值是对总体中的每个人的营养需求量的最佳统计近似值，它的应用可能导致食物表现得更具营养性，因为如果每日膳食参考值更小它将提供一个更大的每日膳食参考值的百分比。相关的这些推荐是基于营养资料栏(Nutrition Facts panel)发挥的恰当作用，是美国主要的营养教育方面三个平台之一{与我的食谱金字塔(MyPyramid)和膳食指南(Dietary Guidelines)一同服务于美国民众 }。提供一个标准仅仅满足半数消费个人的需求是不合适的。营养资料栏(Nutrition Facts pane)应该提供有用的向导给每个人关于帮助其有意识去满足个人的消费目标水准， 并且比起每日参考摄入量来说它应该更基于膳食营养素推荐供给量(RDA)或充足的摄入量，和源于最高的推荐摄入量，正如自1973年以来被试用的一样。出处：J Nutr. 2006 Oct;136(10):2457-62.Which dietary reference intake is best suited to serve as the basis for nutrition labeling for daily values?The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is currently reviewing regulations on nutrition labeling to better address current health issues as well as updating nutrient daily values (DVs), most of which are still based on recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) established in 1968. In 2003 the Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling of the Institute of Medicine recommended that the DVs be based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) rather than the RDA and that a population-weighted mean of EARs be used. The rationale given is that the EAR is the best statistical approximation of the nutrient requirement for any one individual in the population, and its use would result in a food appearing more nutritious, as it would provide a greater percentage of the DV if the DV were a smaller amount. Concerns about these recommendations focus on the appropriate role of the Nutrition Facts panel, 1 of the 3 major public nutrition education tools in the United States (along with MyPyramid and Dietary Guidelines for Americans). Providing a benchmark or standard that knowingly has only a 50% chance of meeting a consuming individual's requirement is not appropriate. The DV on a Nutrition Facts panel should provide useful guidance to the individual about how a serving will assist in meeting that person's goal for consumption, and thus it should be based on the RDA or adequate intake, rather than the EAR, and be derived from the highest recommended intake, as has been the practice since 1973.PMID: 16988109Journal of Nutrition 10月号巴西米纳斯吉那斯州 Belo Horizonte医院老年人人群营养不良的患病状况的研究by qbx826目的：通过对在巴西米纳斯吉那斯州 Belo Horizonte医院就医的老年人进行人体和生物学指标的测量，以评价老人人群营养不良的患病率，并确定老人营养不良的人口学，临床和生物学特征。方法：本研究采用横断面的研究方法，包括197名老年病人。通过间接或直接的方法获取人体测量的指标信息；临床信息包括健康状况、功能和认知能力以及药物的利用，上述信息均来源于临床记录；并通过调查获取社会统计学信息。利用Logistic回归分析筛选营养不良的危险因素。结果：根据世界卫生组织推荐的BMI指标作为划分标准时，29.7%的研究对象为营养不良，43.8%的个体营养过剩。而应用营养早期筛查系统进行划分时，二者的比例相反，54.7%的个体营养不良，仅29.2%的个体属于营养过剩。统计分析表明在无论采用上述哪种标准小腿围小于等于31cm与营养不良均显著相关(P < 0.0001)，可以被认为是营养不良的一个显著标志。与此相对应，血清总胆固醇大于等于4.14 mmol/L则是营养不良的一个保护因素(P = 0.01)。结论：巴西老年住院病人营养不良的患病率较高，小腿围可以作为营养不良的一个衡量指标，这种方法既经济又没有创伤。 出处：Nutrition. 2006 Oct;22(10):1005-1011. Epub 2006 Sep 18.Prevalence of undernutrition in elderly patients hospitalized in a geriatric unit in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.OBJECTIVES: We evaluated, from anthropometric and biochemical indicators, the prevalence of undernutrition within an elderly population hospitalized in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and identified social demographic, clinical and biochemical factors associated with undernutrition. METHODS: A transverse sectional study involving 197 elderly patients was conducted. Anthropometric data were obtained from subjects directly or indirectly; clinical characteristics, including health problems, functional and cognitive abilities, and use of medication, were gathered from medical records; social demographic information was acquired by interviewing the subject or carer. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with undernutrition. RESULTS: According to the body mass index cutoff points recommended by the World Health Organization, 29.7% of subjects were classified as undernourished and 43.8% as eutrophic. Application of the Nutrition Screening Initiative system gave rise to an inverse situation in which 54.7% of subjects were considered undernourished and only 29.2% were eutrophic. Statistical analysis of the studied variables showed that calf circumference </=31 cm was significantly associated with undernutrition (P < 0.0001) irrespective of the classification system employed, and may thus be considered a strong marker for undernutrition. In contrast, total serum cholesterol level >/=4.14 mmol/L was identified as a protective factor against undernutrition (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of undernutrition among the hospitalized elderly in Brazil is very high. The measurement of calf circumference is a non-invasive and economical approach that can facilitate evaluation of the nutritional status of elderly individuals.PMID: 16979874口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率在营养评价中的应用By qbx826目的：本研究对口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率作为一种新方法评价营养状况进行初步探讨。方法：本研究通过对在外科就诊的42名消化道恶性肿瘤患者进行前瞻性研究，采用病人主观整体评价量表（PG-SGA）确定营养失调的病人。人体测量指标包括体重、BMI、肱三头肌皮层脂肪厚度以及上臂中环围。血清测量指标包括视黄醇结合蛋白、转铁蛋白、前白蛋白和白蛋白。同时通过流式细胞术测量口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率和增殖率。在20个营养失调的病人的病人中选取14名患者进行一个3天的营养支持治疗，并进行全程跟踪调查，结束时进行营养指标和口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率的测定。结果：42个病人中20人 (47.6%)被诊断为营养不良,与非营养不良病人相比，营养不良者口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率和增殖率均显著降低（P < 0.01 和P < 0.05），二组一般信息没有显著差异。营养不良病人的视黄醇结合蛋白、前白蛋白血清水平以及口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率和增殖率均降低。口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率与视黄醇结合蛋白(R = 0.32, P < 0.05)和前白蛋白 (R = 0.33, P < 0.05)血清水平呈正相关。而接受3天营养支持疗法的病人其视黄醇结合蛋白、前白蛋白血清水平以及口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率均显著增加。结论：口腔粘膜上皮细胞凋亡率有可能成为营养评价的又一个无创性的手段，有必要进行进一步的研究。出处：Nutrition. 2006 Oct;22(10):1032-1038. Epub 2006 Sep 15Usefulness of oral mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis rate in nutritional assessment.OBJECTIVE: This preliminary study was designed to explore a new method for nutritional assessment by measuring oral mucosal cell apoptosis or proliferation. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with gastrointestinal malignant tumors were hospitalized on the surgical wards and studied prospectively. Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment was used to identify malnourished patients. Anthropometric measurements including weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, and midarm muscle circumference were recorded. The serum proteins measured were retinol-binding protein (RBP), transferrin, prealbumin (PA), and albumin. Simultaneously, the rates of oral epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation were measured by flow cytometry. Of the 20 malnourished patients, 14 were followed up in a serial study with a 3-d nutritional support therapy. Nutritional indices and oral epithelial cell apoptosis rate were measured after 3 d of nutritional support. RESULTS: Malnutrition was diagnosed in 20 of 42 patients (47.6%). Oral epithelial apoptosis and proliferation rates were significantly decreased (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) in malnourished compared with non-malnourished patients, although there were no significant differences between their anthropometric data. Malnourished patients had lower serum levels of RBP, albumin, and PA and rates of oral epithelial cell apoptosis and proliferation. The rate of oral epithelial cell apoptosis positively correlated with serum RBP (R = 0.32, P < 0.05) and PA (R = 0.33, P < 0.05). The rate of oral epithelial cell apoptosis and serum RBP and PA increased significantly in the malnourished patients who received nutritional support for 3 days. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring the rate of oral epithelial cell apoptosis may be another non-invasive technique to determine nutritional assessment and is worthy of further exploration.PMID: 16979323人类生理的和主观的激励对食物摄入的影响By hummingbirds 目的：这项研究探讨生理的和主观的激励对食物环境（例如进餐场所，一同进餐的其他人、进餐时的声音和时间）的周围因素的影响。假设环境刺激对食物摄入的影响可以通过激励来调节。 方法：大学生被要求佩戴心率监视仪并在7天的饮食日记中记录食物的摄入。每一餐饮食均记录了主观激励（得意和兴奋）及进食环境方面的信息。 结果：结果显示主观激励（P<0.01）与似乎与食物摄入相关，并受环境刺激例如进餐地点（P<0.01）和进餐人数（P<0.01）的影响，但是一些环境刺激对心率的影响很小，发现在饭馆平均心率较高（P<0.05）。没有发现心率对食物摄入的影响。回归分析显示激励不能有效地在环境刺激和食物摄入之间发挥调节作用。 结论：结论是，正常人在日常环境下，对食物摄入的外围影响不受情绪变化调节。然而，环境和个体的情绪看起来在个体的进食行为上起一定作用。出处：Nutrition. 2006 Oct;22(10):996-1004. Epub 2006 Sep 15.Influence of physiological and subjective arousal on food intake in humans.OBJECTIVES: This study explored the influence of physiologic and subjective arousal on ambient factors of the food environment, such as the eating location, the presence of other people, sound, and time of day and on food intake. It was hypothesized that the influence of environmental stimuli on food intake would be mediated by arousal. METHODS: College students were asked to wear heart rate monitors and to record their food intake in a 7-d diet diary. Subjective arousal (elation and excitement) and aspects of the eating environment were recorded for each meal occasion. RESULTS: Results showed that subjective arousal seems to be related to food intake (P < 0.01) and appears to be affected by environmental stimuli such as the eating location (P < 0.01) and the number of people present (P < 0.01), but only small effects of some environmental stimuli on heart rate were found with higher average heart rates in restaurants (P < 0.05). No effects of heart rate on food intake were detected. Regression analyses failed to show arousal as a significant mediator between environmental stimuli and food intake. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that, for normal individuals in their everyday environment, ambient influences on food intake are not mediated by changes in arousal. However, the environment and the emotional state of the individual appear to play a role in the individual's eating behavior.PMID: 16979321巴西截肢者足球队在世界冠军赛准备阶段的营养状况。by xin526目的：这个研究的目的是根据巴西截肢者足球队员在队中的角色定位，研究该队员在世界截肢者足球冠军赛前的训练阶段的饮食和身体营养状况的关系。方法：15名男球员参与这个研究。依据身高、体重、皮脂厚度和胸围的数据估计营养状况。摄入的饮食量通过记录，由一个营养支持小组做总能量摄入，碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等6方面的分析。单向方差分析法用于判别这组数据的差异（p<0.05）。结果：中场球员的体重比其他球员重，而这个差异由大量的皮下脂肪聚积引起。他们的饮食主要由少量的碳水化合物和大量的蛋白质和脂肪组成。没有球员服用推荐的维生素E，并且前锋球员不服用推荐的钙剂。结论：截肢运动员需要建立一个个体化的营养方案，在营养学领域需要有更多的研究关于残疾人运动和残疾运动员。 出处：Nutrition. 2006 Oct;22(10):989-995. Epub 2006 Sep 15.Nutritional profile of the Brazilian Amputee Soccer Team during the precompetition period for the world championship.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the dietary and anthropometric profiles of the Brazilian amputee soccer players during the training period before the world soccer amputee championship, according to their positional roles in the game. METHODS: Fifteen male athletes participated in the study. Data on height, weight, skinfold thickness, and circumferences were collected to assess nutritional status. Dietary intake was obtained by using 6-d dietary records, analyzed by a Nutrition Support Program for total energy intake, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. One-way analysis of variance was used to identify differences in groups (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Midfield players were heavier than the others, and this difference may have been caused by a large quantity of subcutaneous fat. Dietary data showed a low carbohydrate intake and high protein and fat intakes. No athlete met the recommendations for vitamin E, and forward players did not meet recommendations for calcium. CONCLUSION: Amputee athletes need an individualized nutritional orientation and the lack of information about disabled sports and athletes highlights the need for more studies in this area.PMID: 16978843其他在老年人中高比例的亮氨酸是增加必需氨基酸合成肌蛋白的兴奋程度所必需的By zhangxinsheng31这个试验设计是评估浓缩亮氨酸的混合必需氨基酸（EAA）分别对老年人和年青人的肌肉蛋白代谢的影响。对四个试验组（2个老年组和2个青年组）分别进行了摄入EAAs前后的研究。EAAs根本组成是乳清蛋白[26％的亮氨酸(26% Leu)]或着浓集的亮氨酸[41％的亮氨酸(41% Leu)]。预处理，持续注射的L－苯丙氨酸被用于股外肌活组织检查和下肢动经脉血样微量合成物质程度（FSR）和肌肉蛋白合成差额的测定。年青组（P<0.05）在摄入26％和41％的亮氨酸氨基酸后FSR都增加，26% (之前: 0.048 +/- 0.005%/h; 之后: 0.063 +/- 0.007%/h) 而41% (之前: 0.036 +/- 0.004%/h; 之后: 0.051 +/- 0.007%/h)。相反老年组在摄入26％的亮氨酸氨基酸混合物后没有增加(之前: 0.044 +/- 0.003%/h; 之后: 0.049 +/- 0.006%/h; P > 0.05)但是41％有所增加(之前: 0.038 +/- 0.007%/h; 之后: 0.056 +/- 0.008%/h; P < 0.05)。类似FSR反应，肌肉苯丙氨酸的净余也是平衡的，反映了肌肉蛋白的平衡，在所有的组中都是被改善的（P<0.05）但除26％的老年试验组。我们推断在EAA中增加亮氨酸的比例能够逆转老年人肌蛋白合成的衰减，但是对年青受试者肌蛋白的合成的进一步刺激并没有结果。出处：Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug;291(2):E381-7. Epub 2006 Feb 28.A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly.This study was designed to evaluate the effects of enriching an essential amino acid (EAA) mixture with leucine on muscle protein metabolism in elderly and young individuals. Four (2 elderly and 2 young) groups were studied before and after ingestion of 6.7 g of EAAs. EAAs were based on the composition of whey protein [26% leucine (26% Leu)] or were enriched in leucine [41% leucine (41% Leu)]. A primed, continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine was used together with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and leg arteriovenous blood samples for the determinations of fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and balance of muscle protein. FSR increased following amino acid ingestion in both the 26% (basal: 0.048 +/- 0.005%/h; post-EAA: 0.063 +/- 0.007%/h) and the 41% (basal: 0.036 +/- 0.004%/h; post-EAA: 0.051 +/- 0.007%/h) Leu young groups (P < 0.05). In contrast, in the elderly, FSR did not increase following ingestion of 26% Leu EAA (basal: 0.044 +/- 0.003%/h; post-EAA: 0.049 +/- 0.006%/h; P > 0.05) but did increase following ingestion of 41% Leu EAA (basal: 0.038 +/- 0.007%/h; post-EAA: 0.056 +/- 0.008%/h; P < 0.05). Similar to the FSR responses, the mean response of muscle phenylalanine net balance, a reflection of muscle protein balance, was improved (P < 0.05) in all groups, with the exception of the 26% Leu elderly group. We conclude that increasing the proportion of leucine in a mixture of EAA can reverse an attenuated response of muscle protein synthesis in elderly but does not result in further stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in young subjects.PMID: 16507602高钙饮食对长期催乳素暴露于卵巢切除的大鼠的骨密质钙含量的调节性影响by lifengatongmu当催乳素诱导在骨小梁钙沉积增多同时，在行卵巢切除术后却是缺乏的，它对骨皮质的影响仍然充满争论。这项调查的目的就是研究经脑垂体(AP垂体前叶)移植术或将催乳素注射于卵巢切除的大鼠骨皮质后，催乳素诱导的影响。既然在成年大鼠的不同骨骼中催乳素受体(PRLR)的存在性尚未见相关报道，我们首先通过逆转录PCR技术来确定催乳素在骨皮质和骨小梁的mRNA的表达位点。我们的结果显示，催乳素mRNA在所有位点主要呈长链表达。然而，在正常大鼠经过垂体前叶移植进行的高催乳素诱导，对股骨的骨矿物质密度并没什么影响。用钙（45）研究后，催乳素没有改变成年卵巢切除的大鼠的胫骨与股骨的骨生成、骨吸收以及钙含量。垂体前叶移植术也没有对成年卵巢切除的大鼠骨皮质的钙含量产生任何影响。因为先前的工作已表明了催乳素的影响具有年龄依赖性，并能够经高钙饮食调节，所以催乳素与这两个参数间的相互作用已被研究过。结果证明高钙饮食增加了年幼垂体前叶移植片的卵巢切除大鼠的胫骨钙含量，而减少了成年大鼠胫骨的钙含量。至于椎骨，年幼与成年大鼠两者的钙含量却没随高钙饮食发生变化。因此我们的答案表明，成年的骨皮质应该是催乳素的潜在性靶。催乳素对骨皮质的影响有年龄依赖性，也只有在高钙饮食调节下才能观察的到。关键词：骨矿物质密度，45钙动力研究，免疫组织化学，脑垂体移植，催乳素受体 出处：Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep 26; [Epub ahead of print]High-calcium diet modulated effects of long-term prolactin exposure on the cortical bone calcium content in ovariectomized rats.While prolactin-induced increase in trabecular calcium deposition was absent after ovariectomy, its effects on cortical bones were controversial. This investigation aimed to study the effect of prolactin induced by either pituitary (AP) transplantation or prolactin injection on cortical bones in ovariectomized rats. Since the presence of prolactin receptors (PRLR) in different bones of adult rats has not been reported, we first determined mRNA expression of PRLRs at the cortical and trabecular sites by using the RT-PCR. Our results showed the PRLR mRNA expression with predominant long-form at all sites. However, high prolactin induced by AP transplantation in normal rats did not have any effect on the femoral BMD. By using (45)Ca study, prolactin did not alter bone formation, bone resorption and calcium content in tibia and femur of adult ovariectomized rats. AP transplantation also had no effect on the cortical calcium content in adult ovariectomized rats. Because previous work showed that the effects of prolactin were age-dependent and could be modulated by high-calcium diet, interactions between prolactin and these two parameters were investigated. The results demonstrated that high-calcium diet increased the tibial calcium content in young AP-grafted ovariectomized rats, but decreased the tibial calcium content in adult rats. As for the vertebrae, the calcium contents in both young and adult rats were not changed by high-calcium diet. Our results thus indicated that the adult cortical bones were potentially targets of prolactin. The effects of prolactin on cortical bones were age-dependent and were observed only under the modulation of high-calcium diet. Key words: bone mineral density, 45Ca kinetic study, immunohistochemistry, pituitary transplantation, prolactin receptor.PMID: 17003239怀孕期间母亲的营养补充、微量营养素及腌制肉食的摄入与孩童时期成神经管细胞瘤的风险：一个儿童的肿瘤学群体研究by hummingbirds我们指导了一项成神经管细胞瘤/大脑的原始神经外胚层肿瘤（PNET）的病例对照研究，用以寻找在妊娠期间与维生素和矿物质补充、微量营养素以及腌制肉类的消耗有关的结果。在1991至1997年6年内，观察315个病例中的母亲，其小孩的诊断被美国和加拿大的儿童肿瘤团体证实；作为对照的315位母亲用随机拨打电话访问的方式选取。在研究的病例组和对照组的围妊娠期，与对照组的母亲相比，病例组的母亲很少可能报告使用了多种维生素〔修正的优势比（OR），0.7；95％可信区间（95%CI），0.4-1.0；P=0.08〕;并且很少可能报告有较高的从食物和营养补充相结合摄入铁和叶酸的四分位数值〔修正的铁的优势比，0.5；95％可信区间，0.3-0.9；P（趋势）=0.008；修正的叶酸优势比，0.5；95％可信区间，0.3-0.9；P（趋势）=0.007〕。虽然病例组的母亲很可能有高的腌制肉类联合低的维生素C摄入（优势比，1.5；可信区间，1.0-2.3；P=0.08），病例组和对照组的母亲摄入的腌制肉类是相似的。这项研究结果增加了多种维生素是一个保护因素的证据，显示了妊娠时早期微量营养素的可能作用。研究结果不支持腌制肉食与成神经管细胞瘤/大脑的原始神经外胚层肿瘤（PNET）有关联。出处：Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Sep;15(9):1660-7.Maternal supplement, micronutrient, and cured meat intake during pregnancy and risk of medulloblastoma during childhood: a children's oncology group study.We conducted a case-control study of medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors of brain (PNET) to pursue findings related to vitamin and mineral supplements, micronutrients, and cured meat consumption during gestation. Mothers of 315 cases ages <6 years at diagnosis in 1991 to 1997 identified from the United States and Canada through the Children's Oncology Group and mothers of 315 controls selected by random-digit dialing were interviewed. In the periconception period of the index pregnancy, case mothers were less likely than control mothers to report use of multivitamins [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.4-1.0; P = 0.08] and to be in the highest quartile of iron and folate intake from food and supplements combined (adjusted OR for iron, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; P(trend) = 0.008; adjusted OR for folate, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; P(trend) = 0.007). Case and control mothers had similar intakes of cured meats, although case mothers were more likely to have the combination of high cured meat and low vitamin C intake (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.0-2.3; P = 0.08). The results of the study add to the evidence of a protective role for multivitamins, suggest a possible role for micronutrients early in pregnancy, and generally do not support an association between cured meats and medulloblastoma/PNET.PMID: 16985028视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)在肥胖人群的作用by matianzhong在对老鼠的研究中表明脂肪细胞作为葡萄糖的接受器并且通过释放血清视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)调节全身的血清葡萄糖的新陈代谢.这一实验模型还没在人类中的到验证.视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)在人类的孤立成熟脂肪细胞中高度表达并且由分化成熟的脂肪细胞所分泌.与动物数据相反,视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)mRNA在肥胖妇女的皮下脂肪组织中表达是下调的,并且循环中的视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)浓度与无论是体重正常.超重.和肥胖妇女都是相似的.视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)与脂肪组织中表达的GLUT4有明确的关联,和与肥胖相关的变量无关联.体重减少5%将轻微地降低脂肪细胞中的视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)但是不影响循环中的视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4).在另一个实验设计中,我们把研究对象(n=14)按禁食间隔时的葡萄糖浓度高低分类,这通过微量渗析技术实现的.静脉的葡萄糖浓度与口服葡萄糖耐量实验时是接近的,基础的视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)在脂肪中的表达也是接近的, 血清视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)浓度与较高和较低的间隔葡萄糖浓度的分组人群也是接近的.通过我们的研究发现:在啮齿类和人类之间调控脂肪和循环中的视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)有很大的不区别,这将对脂肪细胞在摄取葡萄糖的过程中视黄醇结合蛋白4( RBP4)其主要作用提出挑战. 出处：Diabetes. 2006 Oct;55(10):2805-10.Retinol-binding protein 4 in human obesity.Studies in mice suggest that adipocytes serve as glucose sensors and regulate systemic glucose metabolism through release of serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4). This model has not been validated in humans. RBP4 was highly expressed in isolated mature human adipocytes and secreted by differentiating human adipocytes. In contrast to the animal data, RBP4 mRNA was downregulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women, and circulating RBP4 concentrations were similar in normal weight, overweight, and obese women (n = 74). RBP4 was positively correlated with GLUT4 expression in adipose tissue, independent of any obesity-associated variable. Five percent weight loss slightly decreased adipose RBP4 expression but did not influence circulating RBP4. In another set of experiments, we stratified patients (n = 14) by low or high basal fasting interstitial glucose concentrations, as determined by the microdialysis technique. Venous glucose concentrations were similar throughout oral glucose tolerance testing, and basal RBP4 expression in adipose tissue and serum RBP4 concentrations were similar in the groups with higher and lower interstitial glucose levels. Our findings point to profound differences between rodents and humans in the regulation of adipose or circulating RBP4 and challenge the notion that glucose uptake by adipocytes has a dominant role in the regulation of RBP4.PMID: 17003346英国1958年出生人群的维生素D水平和葡萄糖代谢平衡:肥胖症的作用By matianzhong目的:肥胖症是尽人皆知的维生素D缺乏的危险因子。我们通过HbA(1c) (A1C)测量评价维生素D的水平.体形的大小和葡萄糖代谢平衡之间的相互关系。研究设计和方法:数据是来自英国1958年出生已45岁的人群研究中(2002-2004)。研究者收集了来自7198名高加索人受试者的信息包括25-羟维生素D(指示维生素D水平)和体重指数BMI 。结果:80%肥胖受试者(BMI >/=30 kg/m(2))的25(OH)D<75 nmol/l对比其他受试者(P < 0.0001)则只有68%的25(OH)D<75 nmol。由于渐增的BMI(P < 0.0001对于所有的对照组)使血清中的25(OH)D减少而A1C却增加。25(OH)D和A1C呈非线性的关联:A1C在25(OH)D降到65 nmol/l水平才呈现陡峭的直性下降并且是在25(OH)D降低一点它却降的很快。有证据表明由于BMI的变化25(OH)D和A1C的关联效果将发生改变，在较高的与较低的BMI参与者的对比中差别尤为明显。在校正了性别.气候.地理位置.体力活动和社会阶层后,A1C每增加10-nmol/l的25(OH)D的百分比变化如下表:25(OH)D降低的% 可信区间CI BMI -0.21 -0.31 to -0.11 <25 kg/m(2)-0.25 -0.37 to -0.13 25-29.9 kg/m(2)-0.65 -0.95 to -0.34 30-34.9 kg/m(2)-1.37 -2.09 to -0.64 >/=35 kg/m(2)结论:在大部分的肥胖受试者中25(OH)D的浓度在最适以下是很大程度上由体型的大小决定的.随机对照试验(用充足的剂量改善了肥胖受试者的25(OH)D的浓度是必要的,它决定是否临床上补充维生素D药物能相对改善葡萄糖的新陈代谢。出处：Diabetes Care. 2006 Oct;29(10):2244-6.Vitamin D Status and Glucose Homeostasis in the 1958 British Birth Cohort: The role of obesity.OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a well-known risk factor for vitamin D deficiency. We evaluated the interrelationship between vitamin D status, body size, and glucose homeostasis, measured by HbA(1c) (A1C). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data are from the survey of the 45-year-old 1958 British birth cohort (2002-2004). Information on A1C, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; an indicator of vitamin D status], and BMI was collected from 7,198 Caucasian subjects. RESULTS: 25(OH)D was <75 nmol/l in 80% of the obese subjects (BMI >/=30 kg/m(2)) versus 68% of the other subjects (P < 0.0001). Serum 25(OH)D decreased and A1C increased by increasing BMI (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). There was a nonlinear association between 25(OH)D and A1C: a steep linear decrease in A1C by 25(OH)D until 65 nmol/l and only smaller decreases with further increases. There was evidence for effect modification by BMI in the association between 25(OH)D and A1C (P < 0.0001), and differences appeared stronger for participants with higher compared with lower BMIs. After adjustment for sex, season, geographical location, physical activity, and social class, percent change in A1C by 10-nmol/l increase in 25(OH)D was -0.21 (95% CI -0.31 to -0.11) for BMI <25 kg/m(2), -0.25 (-0.37 to -0.13) for BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2), -0.65 (-0.95 to -0.34) for BMI 30-34.9 kg/m(2), and -1.37 (-2.09 to -0.64) for BMI >/=35 kg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS: Body size was a strong determinant for 25(OH)D, with concentrations being suboptimal in most obese participants. Randomized controlled trials [using dosages sufficient to improve 25(OH)D also for the obese] are required to determine whether clinically relevant improvements in glucose metabolism can be obtained by vitamin D supplementation.PMID: 17003300母乳喂养与儿童肥胖的关系是否与母亲体重或糖尿病状态有关？By qbx826目的：以往的研究表明母乳喂养有利于儿童不患肥胖，本研究探讨母亲患有糖尿病或者肥胖是否会抵消这种效应。研究设计和方法：研究对象为当代成长研究(GUTS)的参与者，均为护士队列研究II参与者的后代，共有15,253名孩子（1996年时9-16岁）。母亲糖尿病和体重状况以及婴儿的哺乳情况由母亲提供。BMI >/=25 kg/m(2)被定义为母亲超重，根据儿童报告的体重和身高，参照疾病预防与控制中心的定义把他们分为正常组、可疑肥胖组和肥胖组。母亲被分为非糖尿病且正常体重组、非糖尿病且超重组以及糖尿病组。应用Logistic回归分行模型进行同胞间非独立性均衡检验。结果：在总体分析中，与正常体重相比，母乳喂养可以减少肥胖的发生。与剔除配方奶使用者，根据年龄、性别和Tanner分期行进校正后，剔除母乳喂养者的OR值为0.66（95% CI 0.53-0.82），结果在不同母亲分组中不存在差异（非糖尿病且正常体重组OR 0.73[95% CI 0.49-1.09]、非糖尿病且超重组OR 0.75 [0.57-0.99]以及糖尿病组OR0.62 [0.24-1.60]）。根据一些可能的混杂因素进一步进行调整后结果有些削弱，但根据母亲体重的分各层结果依然一致（交互作用示P＝0.50）。结论：无论母亲的糖尿病患病和体重状态如何，母乳喂养均与儿童肥胖呈负相关。这些数据进一步支持母乳喂养有利于降低儿童肥胖。 出处：Diabetes Care. 2006 Oct;29(10):2231-7.Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity: Does maternal diabetes or obesity status matter?OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate whether maternal diabetes or weight status attenuates a previously reported beneficial effect of breast-feeding on childhood obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) participants were offspring of women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study II. In the present study, 15,253 girls and boys (aged 9-14 years in 1996) were included. Maternal diabetes and weight status and infant feeding were obtained by maternal self-report. We defined maternal overweight as BMI >/=25 kg/m(2). Childhood obesity, from self-reported height and weight, was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions as normal, at risk for overweight, or overweight. Maternal status categories were nondiabetes/normal weight, nondiabetes/overweight, or diabetes. Logistic regression models used generalized estimating equations to account for nonindependence between siblings. RESULTS: For all subjects combined, breast-feeding was associated with reduced overweight (compared with normal weight) in childhood. Compared with exclusive use of formula, the odds ratio (OR) for exclusive breast-feeding was 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.82), adjusted for age, sex, and Tanner stage. Results did not differ according to maternal status (nondiabetes/normal weight OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.49-1.09]; nondiabetes/overweight 0.75 [0.57-0.99]; and diabetes 0.62 [0.24-1.60]). Further adjustment for potential confounders attenuated results, but results remained consistent across strata of maternal status (P value for interaction was 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding was inversely associated with childhood obesity regardless of maternal diabetes status or weight status. These data provide support for all mothers to breast-feed their infants to reduce the risk for childhood overweight.PMID: 17003298依据目前的饮食摄入推荐和一份能量平衡指导书来制定美国学龄前儿童的饮食品质指数By lifengatongmu背景：按照目前的饮食摄入推荐和学龄前儿童间限制性坐式活动的推荐，我们改进了一份学龄前儿童饮食品质指数(RC-DQI),它考虑到能量平衡因素来保证充足的营养用于生长、发育和疾病防治。设计/课题：这个新改进的指数在1994-96和1998年被个人用于美国农业部的食品摄入的持续性调查的2到5岁的全国代表性样本(n=5,437)。指数分项包括糖的加入、总脂肪、多不饱和脂肪酸、总谷物、水果、蔬菜、额外的果汁、牛奶、铁和日能量总摄入量和坐式行为（看电视时间）的交互作用项。分数被分配以反应摄入的贫乏和过量。以完成的数据分析：均数和标准差被用于描述食品摄入和RC-DQI分数。我们通过计算食物组/营养素的平均摄入量，并按有序的组进行趋势的非参数检验，来确保区别饮食的能力。我们用相关系数判断RC-DQI分项、营养素和总能量摄入之间的依存度，并比较最高和最低RC-DQI四分位数的分项值。结果：RC-DQI平均分数是64分（从23分到98分）。RC-DQI分数的提高和饮食品质的改进存在关系。RC-DQI四分位数最低的儿童在所有分项得分都低。结论：RC-DQI成功的用饮食品质的水平来区别饮食。分数的提高伴随着额外的糖和果汁的低消费，和纤维、必须脂肪酸、水果和蔬菜的摄入增加。RC-DQI可以被用于决定学龄前儿童群体的饮食品质。出处：J Am Diet Assoc. 2006 Oct;106(10):1594-604.A diet quality index for american preschoolers based on current dietary intake recommendations and an indicator of energy balance.OBJECTIVE: Based on current dietary intake recommendations and a recommendation to limit sedentary activity in preschoolers, an overall diet quality index for preschoolers (RC-DQI) incorporating a component for energy balance to measure adequacy of nutrition for growth, development, and disease prevention was developed. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: The newly developed index was used in nationally representative samples of 2- to 5-year-olds in the US Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-96 and 1998 (n=5,437). Index components included added sugar, total fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total and whole grains, fruits, vegetables, excess fruit juice, dairy, iron, and an interaction term of total daily energy intake and sedentary behavior (television time). Points were allocated to reflect deficient or excessive intakes. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Means and standard errors were used to describe food intakes and RC-DQI scores. Ability to differentiate diets was ascertained using mean intakes of food groups/nutrients followed by a nonparametric test of trends across ordered groups. Correlation coefficients measured dependence among RC-DQI components, nutrients, and overall energy intakes. Component scores of the highest and lowest quartile of RC-DQI were compared. RESULTS: Mean RC-DQI score was 64 points (range=28 to 93). Increasing RC-DQI scores were associated with improved diet quality. Children in the lowest RC-DQI quartile scored lower in all components. CONCLUSIONS: The RC-DQI successfully differentiated diets by level of diet quality. Increasing scores were associated with decreasing consumption of added sugar and juices, and increasing intakes of fiber, essential fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables. The RC-DQI can be used to determine diet quality in groups of preschool-age children.PMID: 17000192成人型肠乳糖酶缺乏在身高生长的影响和从儿童期到成人前期饮食钙的摄取：一份21年随访研究——关于青年芬兰人心血管危险度的研究by lifengatongmu目的：由乳糖酶根皮苷水解酶C/C-13910基因型导致成人型肠乳糖酶缺乏对生长的影响尚未可知。我们研究乳制品的价值或者饮食钙的吸收，不论这种多态现象是否与身高增长有关。方法：1980年随机选择3596个芬兰儿童和青少年（3-18岁）进行前瞻性队列研究，1983、1986、2001年再查（在21年随访期后）。在2002年乳糖酶根皮苷水解酶C/T-13910多态现象已由2265个参与者决定。1980年、1986年和2001年分别进行营养素摄入量测量的有1137、858及1031个受试者。结果：乳糖酶根皮苷水解酶C/T-13910多态现象与男孩或者女孩的平均身高生长速度、甚或成人的最终平均身高也没有关系。整个研究年内，女性乳糖酶根皮苷水解酶C/C-13910基因型受试者乳制品的消耗、蛋白质和钙是最低的，而维生素D的吸收没有基因型相关性差别。对于男孩，在乳制品的消耗上有显著差异，而钙、蛋白质或者维生素D的平均饮食摄取则没有。结论：乳糖酶根皮苷水解酶C/C-13910基因型与平均生长速度或者男孩或女孩的最终平均身高无关。然而，它明显有助于从儿童期到成人期间乳制品的消耗和饮食钙的摄取。出处：Pediatrics. 2006 Oct;118(4):1553-9.The effects of adult-type hypolactasia on body height growth and dietary calcium intake from childhood into young adulthood: a 21-year follow-up study--the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.OBJECTIVE: The effect of adult-type hypolactasia, caused by the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase C/C-13910 genotype, on growth is unknown. We studied whether this polymorphism was associated with body height growth, the use of milk products, or dietary calcium intake. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed among 3596 randomly selected Finnish children and adolescents (3-18 years of age) in 1980, with reexamination in 1983, 1986, and 2001 (after a 21-year follow-up period). Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase C/T-13910 polymorphism was determined for 2265 participants in 2002. Nutrient intakes were measured for 1137, 858, and 1031 subjects in 1980, 1986, and 2001, respectively. RESULTS: The lactase-phlorizin hydrolase C/T-13910 polymorphism was not related to mean height growth speed for either boys or girls or to final mean body height in adulthood. The consumption of milk products, protein, and calcium was lowest for female subjects with the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase C/C-13910 genotype over the study years, but there were no genotype-related differences in the intake of vitamin D. For boys, significant differences were found in the consumption of milk products but not in the mean dietary intake of calcium, protein, or vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS: The lactase-phlorizin hydrolase C/C-13910 genotype was not associated with mean growth speed or final mean body height for either boys or girls. However, it contributed significantly to milk product consumption and dietary calcium intake from childhood into young adulthood.PMID: 17015546婴儿早期对肠内微生物群组成的影响因素By justzhang目的：这项研究的目的在于检测一系列外部因素对于婴儿早期肠内微生物组成的影响。方法：样本来自于1032名1月龄婴儿的排泄物，他们源于荷兰KBCS研究组，通过分析列举分枝杆菌，大肠埃希菌，梭状菌，脆弱类细菌组，乳酸杆菌，总细菌组的一定数量的聚合酶链反应。通过收集调查表中的那些有潜在决定肠内微生物组成的信息。通过使用单变和多变量分析方法来探究这些影响因素和所选择的肠道细菌之间的联系。结果：剖腹产婴儿所含bifidobacteria菌及脆弱类菌数量少，然而他们体内的梭状菌含量多，自然分娩的婴儿正好相反。常规哺乳婴儿较之用母乳喂养的婴儿所含大肠埃希菌，梭状菌，脆弱类细菌及乳酸杆菌多。住院治疗及早产儿与梭状菌的含量有相当高的联系。使用抗生素的婴儿所含分枝杆菌及脆弱类菌数量逐渐下降。含有同种属的分枝杆菌的婴儿体内含量要比那些没有的婴儿数量高。结论：决定婴儿体内肠道微生物组成的主要因素是婴儿的分娩方式，喂养方法，妊娠年龄，住院情况及抗生素的使用。在家自然分娩的婴儿和母乳喂养的婴儿似乎有更有益的肠道微生物（含量高的分枝杆和低量的大肠埃希菌和梭状菌）出处：Pediatrics. 2006 Aug;118(2):511-21.Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of a broad range of external influences to the gut microbiotic composition in early infancy. METHODS: Fecal samples from 1032 infants at 1 month of age, who were recruited from the KOALA Birth Cohort Study in the Netherlands, were subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for the enumeration of bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis group, lactobacilli, and total bacterial counts. Information on potential determinants of the gut microbiotic composition was collected with repeated questionnaires. The associations between these factors and the selected gut bacteria were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Infants born through cesarean section had lower numbers of bifidobacteria and Bacteroides, whereas they were more often colonized with C difficile, compared with vaginally born infants. Exclusively formula-fed infants were more often colonized with E coli, C difficile, Bacteroides, and lactobacilli, compared with breastfed infants. Hospitalization and prematurity were associated with higher prevalence and counts of C difficile. Antibiotic use by the infant was associated with decreased numbers of bifidobacteria and Bacteroides. Infants with older siblings had slightly higher numbers of bifidobacteria, compared with infants without siblings. CONCLUSIONS: The most important determinants of the gut microbiotic composition in infants were the mode of delivery, type of infant feeding, gestational age, infant hospitalization, and antibiotic use by the infant. Term infants who were born vaginally at home and were breastfed exclusively seemed to have the most "beneficial" gut microbiota (highest numbers of bifidobacteria and lowest numbers of C difficile and E coli).PMID: 16882802
